The upcoming, fourth issue of the "Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine" is the final one in 2020, and so it completes the first year of the Journal's existence.

Novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) is a dangerous disease for older adults. Preventive measures in this population should involve three groups of measures: 1) prevention of infection; 2) prevention of functional decline and geriatric syndromes, including social support; 3) control of chronic comorbidity. Older adults are common to present with atypical COVID-19 symptoms, and mildness of symptoms (no fever, cough, shortness of breath) does not correspond to the severity of the prognosis. Delirium may be the first manifestation of COVID-19, that is why it is screening should be widely implied. Risk of malnutrition resulting in sarcopenia increases during the hospitalization, especially if mechanical ventilation required, and promotes frailty progression and decreases quality of life after the discharge from the hospital. Geriatric assessment is an important component of the decision making process in the management of older adults. Full version was published as Tkacheva O.N., Kotovskaya Yu.V., Aleksanyan L.A., Milto A.S., Naumov A.V., Strazhesko I.D., Vorobyeva N.M., Dudinskaya E.N., Malaya I.P., Krylov K.Yu., Tyukhmenev E.A., Rozanov A.V., Ostapenko V.S., Manevich T.M., Shchedrina A.Yu., Semenov F.A., Mkhitaryan E.A., Khovasova N.O., Yeruslanova E.A., Kotovskaya N.V., Sharashkina N.V. Novel coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2 in elderly and senile patients: prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Expert Position Paper of the Russian Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2020; 19(3): 2601. DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2601

Aim: to assess the most important metabolic factors in centenarians and their impact on prognosis
Materials and methods. It was a longitudinal study, including 64 centenarians (95 years and older), who live in Moscow. Complex geriatric assessment (FRAIL, IADL-C, MNA, GDS-15 and МOCA scores) and blood tests (HbA1c, cholesterol, LDL, HDL and TG) were performed. In 3 years we contacted patients’ relatives or social workers to find out about patients’ status.
Results. Mean age of the patients was 98,3±1,9 years. We found out that 34,4% of the patients were frail. Cognitive impairments of different severity were presented in 84,4% of the patients. The median lipids values were as follows: cholesterol — 4,8 [4,2 ;5,8], TG — 0.97 [0,8; 1.2], HDL — 1.3 [4.2; 5,8), LDL — 3,1 [2,6; 3,7], HbA1c — 5,8 [5,6; 6,1]. In 59% of the patients HbA1c was below 6%; 33% had concentrations between 6% and 6,4%, and only in 8% we found HbA1c higher than 6,5%. No correlation was also found between HbA1c values and lipids profile. Comparing survivors and non-survivors groups we did not find any significant differences in total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and HbA1c (p<0,005). While comparing functional status with metabolic profile we discovered positive correlation (r= 0.834) between total cholesterol and index of instrumental activity, and between LDL and IADL as well as MNA score (r=0.732 and 0.634 respectively).
Conclusions. In centenarians usual prognostic factors such as HbA1c and lipids do not have any impact on prognosis but they influence functional status and QoL. Further investigations of metabolic status in super old persons are needed to personalize their lifestyle and treatment goals.

Aim: to estimate the associations between employment status, functional and cognitive status,
physical health, and geriatric syndromes in women aged 55–64.
Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study included 250 women aged 55 to 64 years. Sociodemographic factors, functional and cognitive status, health status, risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCD), and presence of NCD were analyzed. The prevalence of changes indicative of geriatric syndromes was estimated.
Results. The study included 250 women aged 55–64 years (mean age 59.3 ± 2.9 years). Risk factors (RF) for NCD were identified in all subjects. Abdominal obesity and lipid metabolism disorders (increased blood cholesterol levels and LDL cholesterol levels) were the most common RFs for NCD. The incidence of dyslipidemia as RF NCD was 94%. CVD, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), varicose veins of the lower extremities, and endocrine pathology prevailed in NCD. In women aged 55–64 years, aging increases the likelihood that a woman will not work by 2.5 times, using ≥two assistive devices — 2 times, the presence of urinary incontinence/ leakage — 2.3 times, probable depression — 2.7 times.
Conclusion: geriatric syndromes are primarily associated with a decrease in functional activity in women aged 55-64 years; this association is associated with socio-demographic, economic factors, and health status (the presence of FRs for NCD and NCD themselves).

Currently, the number of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is increasing in the world. In Russia, the number of patients with CHF has doubled over the past decades. CHF is closely related to the aging process, including cellular and anatomical changes in the heart and blood vessels. The management of CHF should consider the patient's functional, cognitive, emotional, and social status. Thus, when forming an individual plan, it is necessary to consider the functional class and left ventricular ejection fraction and the presence or absence of specific geriatric syndromes. In this article, we tried to look at a patient with CHF through 4 domains: medical condition, emotional and cognitive status, physical and social activity. This comprehensive approach will help improve both the duration and quality of life of older patients.

Relevance: the steady increase in the number of patients with respiratory diseases caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, among which pneumonia accounts for up to 22%, creates global problems associated with the treatment of patients and their subsequent rehabilitation. The insufficiently understood long-term consequences of COVID-19 in combination with concomitant chronic diseases and geriatric syndromes require special tactics of rehabilitation, observation and treatment of older people, including remotely.
Aim: to present up-to-date data on the feasibility, efficacy and safety of approaches to the rehabilitation of older patients after pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2
Material and Methods: the analysis of modern domestic and foreign literature on the rehabilitation of older patients after pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 was carried out, the experience of organizing rehabilitation in real clinical practice was studied, taking into account the continuity of the inpatient and abulatory stages of rehabilitation.
Results: the most promising for respiratory rehabilitation are the first two months after the acute period of coronavirus infection. The priority goals of providing medical care to older people within the framework of rehabilitation are to prevent or slow down functional impairments, helplessness, disability, maintain mobility and maintain mental health.
Conclusion: rehabilitation of older patients at the outpatient stage after suffering from COVID-19 should begin, if possible, as early as possible. A thorough assessment of the clinical and functional status and a comprehensive treatment plan, which focuses on functional activity and return to participation in the life of society, depending on the individual characteristics of the person and the volume of medical services, will help each patient to maximize their condition and quality of life.

In this research we examined studies of gene polymorphisms, associated with cardiovascular diseases through renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation (AGT с.521С>Т, AСE Ins>Del), nitric oxide decline (NOS3 с.894G>T), chronic inflammation (TNF -238G>A, MMP9 -1562С>T) and oxidative stress (CYBA c.214Т>С).

Objective. The work is aimed to analyze the biochemical and lipid blood profile of patient Z and to evaluate the effect of a long-term garlic (Allium sativum L.) — based diet on aging-associated processes and slowing down pathological processes in heart-vessels system.
Materials and methods. Blood profiles of the patient Z are studied which represents seventythree years old physically active man with intellectual professional activity who played lawn tennis twice a week for the 45 years and followed a consistent vegetarian diet without any meat and milk products (for 32 years), and a garlic-based diet for the last 11 years. The garlic diet represents uptake of one head of raw garlic every day orally (totally 25–30 g, e.g., 1 g of raw garlic per 3 kg of body weight 5–6 days a week) for 11 years. General, biochemical and lipid blood tests were examined during 15 years.
Results. Laboratory blood tests of 2003 are testified the ill-being at the level of lipid profile and heart-vessels system as a result of pathological conditions and aging. As a result of garlic intake starting from 2007, blood biochemical profile is started to testify that negative changes at the patient Z’s organism are slowed, levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins, creatinine and endotoxin being normalized. As a result of long-term garlic intake the stabilization of indicators of his organism systems was found: namely, the molecular and cellular blood composition, the neck and head vessels, and a high adaptive and reproductive resource of the organism.
Conclusion. After the introduction of the garlic diet in 2007, blood tests and ultrasound examinations of the body blood vessels indicate that, despite of age and refusal to take pharmaceuticals, the triglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia diagnoses have been withdrawn; hypertension has stopped progressing, and arterial blood pressure is stabilized. It is assumed that the bioactive components of garlic exhibit bioantioxidant and geroprotective properties and enhance tissue regeneration. Thus, a garlic-based diet may be recommended to reduce the effects of environmental stressors and to slow down the aging-associated processes.

This case shows a patient with a fall syndrome, which resulted in a severe rib fracture. The patient was thoroughly examined to identify the probable causes and risk factors for falls. The results of physical examination, comprehensive geriatric assessment and additional research methods revealed such geriatric syndromes as frailty, falls syndrome, vitamin D deficiency, peripheral polyneuropathy, and carotid artery stenosis. Thus, as a result of the examination, 7 risk factors for falls were identified in the patient, which turned out to be fully or partially modifiable.

Preventing decreased physical and functional activity in older adults during hospitalization is a geriatric care protocol for nurses. The frailty and the formation of long-term care dependence is a stronger predictor of mortality and is more important for assessing the prognosis for the quality of life and surviving an older patient than even the presence of specific diseases and maintaining a baseline level of daily activity for the patient. Activities aimed at maintaining physical, cognitive, and social functioning (increasing physical activity, socialization, etc.) will help ensure an increase in the level of physical functioning and older patients' safety.