Хроническая боль у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста. Клинические рекомендации

Данный документ представляет собой клинические рекомендации по хронической боли у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста, разработанные экспертами Российской ассоциации геронтологов и гериатров. Документ одобрен Научно-практическим Советом Минздрава России в декабре 2020 г.
Клинические рекомендации ориентированы на врачей-гериатров, оказывающих помощь в амбулаторных и стационарных условиях, врачей терапевтов, врачей общей практики, врачей-физиотерапевтов. В документе изложены принципы скрининга, диагностики болевого синдрома у пожилых пациентов, подходы к ведению и лечению пациентов с хронической болью, а также вопросы профилактики, реабилитации и организации медицинской помощи этой категории лиц и критерии контроля качества ее оказания.

1. Anand K.J., Craig K.D. New perspectives on the definition of pain. PAIN. 1996; 67: 3–11.

2. Яхно Н.Н., Кукушкин М.Л. Хроническая боль: медико-биологические и социально-экономические аспекты. Вестник РАМН. 2012; 9: 54–58.

3. Merskey H., Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms / prepared by International Association for the Study of Pain, Task Force on Taxonomy; editors, 2nd ed. Seattle. IASP Press. 1994. 222.

4. Кукушкин М.Л., Хитров Н.К. Общая патология боли и медицина. 2004; 144.

5. McMahon S.B., Koltzenburg M. (Eds). Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. Wall and Melzack’s Textbook of Pain. 5th Edition. 2005; 1239.

6. Sanada F., Taniyama Y., Muratsu J. et al. Source of Chronic Inflammation in Aging. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018; 5: 12.

7. Nikas J.B. Inflammation and Immune System Activation in Aging: A Mathematical Approach. Sci. Rep. 2013; 3; 3254.

8. Bondesen B.A., Mills S.T., Kegley K.M., Pavlath G.K. The COX-2 pathway is essential during early stages of skeletal muscle regeneration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2004; 287(2): C475–83. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00088.2004.

9. Shega J.W., Dale W., Andrew M., Paice J., et al. Persistent pain and frailty: a case for homeostenosis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012; 60: 113–117.

10. Cedraschi C., Ludwig C., Allaz A.F., Herrmann F.R., Luthy C. Pain and health-related quality of life (HRQoL): a national observational study in community-dwelling older adults. Eur Geriatr Med. 2018; 9: 881.

11. Langley P.C. The prevalence, correlates and treatment of pain in the European Union. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011; 27: 463–480.

12. Molton I.R., Terrill A.L. Overview of persistent pain in older adults. Am Psychol. 2014; 69: 197–207.

13. Wilkie R., Tajar A., McBeth J. The onset of widespread musculoskeletal pain is associated with a decrease in healthy ageing in older people: a population-based prospective study. PLoS One. 2013; 8: 59858.

14. Leung Y.Y., Teo S.L., Chua M.B., Raman P., Liu C., Chan A. Living arrangements, social networks and onset or progression of pain among older adults in Singapore. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2016; 16: 693–700.

15. Van Hecke O., Torrance N., Smith B.H. Chronic pain epidemiology and its clinical relevance. Br J Anaest, 2013; 111: 13–18.

16. Jones M.R., Ehrhardt K.P., Ripoll J.G., Sharma B., Padnos I.W., Kaye R.J., Kaye A.D. Pain in the Elderly. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2016; 20: 23.

17. Lawrence R.C., Felson D.T., Helmick C.G., et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States: Part II. Arthritis Rheum. 2008; 58(1): 26–35.

18. Murphy L., Schwartz T.A., Helmick C.G., et al. Lifetime risk of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008; 59(9): 1207–1213.

19. Lawrence J.S., Bremner J.M., Bier F. Osteo-arthrosis. Prevalence in the population and relationship between symptoms and x-ray changes. Ann Rheum Dis. 1966; 25(1): 1–24.

20. Miller M.E., Rejeski W.J., Messier S.P., et al. Modifiers of change in physical functioning in older adults with knee pain: the Observational Arthritis Study in Seniors (OASIS). Arthritis Rheum. 2001; 45(4): 331–339.

21. Reid M.C., Eccleston C., Pillemer K. Management of chronic pain in older adults. BMJ. 2015; 350: 532.

22. Abdulla A., Bone M., Adams N., Alison M. et al. Evidencebased clinical practice guidelines on management of pain in older people. Age and Ageing. 2013; 42(2): 151–153.

23. Schofield P. The Assessment of Pain in Older People: UK National Guidelines. Age and Ageing. 2018; 47(1): 1–22.

24. Weiner D.K., Sakamoto S., Perera S., Breuer P. Chronic low back pain in older adults: prevalence, reliability, and validity of physical examination findings. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006; 54(1): 11–20.

25. Culberson J.W., Ziska M. Prescription drug misuse/abuse in the elderly.Geriatrics. 2008. 63(9): 22–31.

26. Lints-Martindale A., Hadjistavropoulos T., Lix L., Thorpe L. A comparative investigation of observational pain assessment tools for older adults with dementia. Clin J Pain. 2011; 28: 226–37.

27. Kaye A.D., Baluch A., Scott J.T. Pain management in the elderly population: a review. Ochsner J. 2010; 10(3): 179–87.

28. Nahin R.L. Estimates of pain prevalence and severity in adults: United States. J. Pain. 2015; 16: 769–780.

29. Feleppa M., Fucci S., Bigal M.E. Primary Headaches in an Elderly Population Seeking Medical Care for Cognitive Decline. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2017; 57: 209–216.

30. Sampson E.L. et al. Pain, agitation, and behavioural problems in people with dementia admitted to general hospital wards: a longitudinal cohort study. Pain. 2015; 156: 675–683.

31. Rajkumar A.P. et al. Epidemiology of pain in people with dementia living in care homes: longitudinal course, prevalence, and treatment implications. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2017; 18(453): 1–453.

32. Meraya A.M., Dwibedi N., Sambamoorthi U. Polypharmacy and Health-Related Quality of Life Among US Adults With Arthritis, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2010–2012. Prev Chronic Dis. 2016; 13: 132.

33. Whitlock E.L. et al. Association between persistent pain and memory decline and dementia in a longitudinal cohort of elders. JAMA Intern. Med. 2017; 177: 1146–1153.

34. Pitcher M.H., Von Korff M., Bushnell M.C., Porter L. Prevalence and Profile of High-Impact Chronic Pain in the United States. J. Pain 2019; 20(2): 146–160.

35. Macfarlane G.J., Barnish M.S., Jones G.T. Persons with chronic widespread pain experience excess mortality: longitudinal results from UK Biobank and meta-analysis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2017; 76: 1815–1822.

36. McMahon S., Koltzenburg M., Tracey I., Turk D.C. Textbook of Pain, 6th Edition. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013; 1184.

37. Hairi N.N., Cumming R.G., Blyth F.M., Naganathan V. Chronic pain, impact of pain and pain severity with physical disability in older people–is there a gender difference? Maturitas. 2013; 74(1): 68–73.

38. Henchoz Y., Bula C., Guessous I., et al. Chronic symptoms in a representative sample of community-dwelling older people: a crosssectional study in Switzerland. BMJ Open. 2017; 7(1): e014485.

39. Johannes C.B., Le T.K., Zhou X., Johnston J.A., Dworkin R.H. The prevalence of chronic pain in United States adults: results of an Internet-based survey. Journal Pain. 2010; 11(11): 1230–1239.

40. Pereira L.S., Sherrington C., Ferreira M.L., et al. Self-reported chronic pain is associated with physical performance in older people leaving aged care rehabilitation. Clin Interv Aging. 2014; 9: 259–265.

41. Raftery M.N., Sarma K., Murphy A.W., De la Harpe D., Normand C., McGuire B.E. Chronic pain in the Republic of Ireland--community prevalence, psychosocial profile and predictors of pain-related disability: results from the Prevalence, Impact and Cost of Chronic Pain (PRIME) study, part 1. Pain. 2011; 152(5): 1096–1103.

42. Covinsky K.E., Lindquist K., Dunlop D.D., Yelin E. Pain, functional limitations, and aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009; 57(9): 1556–1561.

43. Kruschinski C., Wiese B., Dierks M.L., Hummers-Pradier E., Schneider N., Junius-Walker U. A geriatric assessment in general practice: prevalence, location, impact and doctor-patient perceptions of pain. BMC Fam Prac. 2016; 17: 8.

44. Scudds R.J., Ostbye T. Pain and pain-related interference with function in older Canadians: the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Disabil Rehabil. 2001; 23(15): 654–664.

45. Shega J.W., Tiedt A.D., Grant K., Dale W. Pain measurement in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: presence, intensity, and location. 2 Suppl. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2014; 69: S191–S197.

46. Carmaciu C., Iliffe S., Kharicha K., et al. Health risk appraisal in older people 3: prevalence, impact, and context of pain and their implications for GPs. Br J Gen Pract. 2007; 57(541): 630–635.

47. Aguera-Ortiz L., Failde I., Cervilla J.A., Mico J.A. Unexplained pain complaints and depression in older people in primary care. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013; 17(6): 574–577.

48. Biddulph J.P., Iliffe S., Kharicha K., et al. Risk factors for depressed mood amongst a community dwelling older age population in England: cross-sectional survey data from the PRO-AGE study. BMC Geriatr. 2014; 14: 5.

49. Kroenke K., Wu J., Bair M.J., Krebs E.E., Damush T.M., Tu W. Reciprocal relationship between pain and depression: a 12-month longitudinal analysis in primary care. J Pain. 2011; 12(9): 964–973.

50. Leong I.Y., Farrell M.J., Helme R.D., Gibson S.J. The relationship between medical comorbidity and self-rated pain, mood disturbance, and function in older people with chronic pain. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007; 62(5): 550–555.

51. Lerman S.F., Rudich Z., Brill S., Shalev H., Shahar G. Longitudinal associations between depression, anxiety, pain, and pain-related disability in chronic pain patients. Psychosom Med. 2015; 77(3): 333–341.

52. Mallen C.D., Peat G. Screening older people with musculoskeletal pain for depressive symptoms in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2008; 58(555): 688–693.

53. Meyer T., Cooper J., Raspe H. Disabling low back pain and depressive symptoms in the community-dwelling elderly: a prospective study. Spine. 2007; 32(21): 2380–2386.

54. Mossey J.M., Gallagher R.M. The longitudinal occurrence and impact of comorbid chronic pain and chronic depression over two years in continuing care retirement community residents. Pain Med. 2004; 5(4): 335–348.

55. Parmelee P.A., Harralson T.L., McPherron J.A., Schumacher H.R. The structure of affective symptomatology in older adults with osteoarthritis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013; 28(4): 393–401.

56. Salazar A., Duenas M., Mico J.A., et al. Undiagnosed mood disorders and sleep disturbances in primary care patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain Med. 2013; 14(9): 1416–1425.

57. Shipton E., Ponnamperuma D., Wells E., Trewin B. Demographic characteristics, psychosocial measures, and pain in a sample of patients with persistent pain referred to a New Zealand tertiary pain medicine center. Pain Med. 2013; 14(7): 1101–1107.

58. Blackwell D.L., Lucas J.W., Clarke T.C. Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: national health interview survey, 2012. Vital Health Stat 10. 2014 Feb; (260): 1–161.

59. Husky M.M., Ferdous Farin F., Compagnon P., Fermanian C., Kovess-Masfety V. Chronic back pain and its association with quality of life in a large French population survey. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018; 16: 195.

60. Guez M., Hildingsson C., Nilsson M. & Toolanen G. The prevalence of neck pain. Acta Orthop Scand. 2002; 73: 455–459.

61. VanDenKerkhof E.G., Mann E.G., Torrance N., Smith B.H., Johnson A., Gilron I. An Epidemiological Study of Neuropathic Pain Symptoms in Canadian Adults. Pain Res Manag. 2016; 2016: 9815750. DOI: 10.1155/2016/9815750

62. Rapo-Pylkkö S., Haanpää M., Liira H. A one-year follow-up study of chronic pain in community-dwelling older adults with and without neuropathic pain. BMC Geriatr. 2017; 17: 152.

63. Bouhassira D., Lantéri-Minet M., Attal N., Laurent B., Touboul C. Prevalence of chronic pain with neuropathic characteristics in the general population. Pain. 2008. 136: 380–387.

64. Rapo-Pylkkö S., Haanpää M., Liira H. Neuropathic Pain Among Community-Dwelling Older People: A Clinical Study in Finland. Drugs Aging. 2015; 32: 737–742.

65. Rapo-Pylkkö S., Haanpää M., Liira H. Chronic pain among community-dwelling elderly: a population-based clinical study. Scand. J. Prim. Health Care. 2016; 34: 159–164.

66. Misra D., Felson D.T., Silliman R.A., et al. Knee osteoarthritis and frailty: findings from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study and Osteoarthritis Initiative.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015; 70(3): 339–344.

67. McGuigan F.E., Bartosch P., Åkesson K.E. Musculoskeletal health and frailty. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2017; 31(2): 145–159.

68. Mallen C.D., Thomas E., Belcher J., Rathod T., Croft P., Peat G. Point-of-care prognosis for common musculoskeletal pain in older adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2013; 173: 1119–25.

69. Dahlhamer J. et al. Prevalence of Chronic Pain and High- Impact Chronic Pain Among Adults — United States, 2016. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 67: 1001–1006 (2018).

70. Tsang A. et al. Common chronic pain conditions in developed and developing countries: gender and age differences and comorbidity with depression-anxiety disorders. J. Pain 9: 883–891 (2008).

71. Elzahaf R. A., Tashani O. A., Unsworth B. A. & Johnson M. I. The prevalence of chronic pain with an analysis of countries with a Human Development Index less than 0.9: a systematic review without meta-analysis. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 28: 1221–1229 (2012).

72. Jackson T. et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Global Burden of Chronic Pain Without Clear Etiology in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Trends in Heterogeneous Data and a Proposal for New Assessment Methods. Anesth. Analg. 123: 739–748 (2016).

73. Jackson T. et al. Prevalence of chronic pain in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 385 Suppl 2, S10 (2015).

74. Vos T., Allen C. & Arora M. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388: 1545–1602 (2016).

75. Patel K.V., Guralnik J.M., Dansie E.J., Turk D.C. Prevalence and impact of pain among older adults in the United States: findings from the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study. Pain. 2013; 154: 2649–2657.

76. Leveille S.G. et al. Chronic musculoskeletal pain and the occurrence of falls in an older population. JAMA. 2009. 302: 2214–2221.

77. Bernfort L., Gerdle B., Rahmqvist M., Husberg M., Levin L.-А. Severity of chronic pain in an elderly population in Sweden — impact on costs and quality of life. Pain. 2015; 156: 521–527.

78. Pautex S., Gold G. Assessing Pain Intensity in Older Adults. Geriatrics and Aging. 2006; 9(6): 399–402.

79. Клинические рекомендации МЗ РФ «Хронический болевой синдром (ХБС) у взрослых пациентов, нуждающихся в паллиативной медицинской помощи», 2018, ID: КР400.

80. Warden V., Hurley A.C., Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003; 4(1): 9.

81. Bjoro K, Herr K. Assessment of pain in the nonverbal or cognitively impaired older adult. Clin Geriatr Med. 2008; 24(2): 237.

82. Baker D. The Joint Commission’s Pain Standards: Origins and Evolution. Oakbrook Terrace, IL. The Joint Commission. 2017.

83. Fried L.P. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J. Gerontol. Med. Sci. 2001; 56(3): 146–156.

84. Vermeiren S. et al. Frailty and the Prediction of Negative Health Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016; 17(12): 1–1163.

85. Ткачева О.Н., Рунихина Н.К., Остапенко В.С., Шарашкина Н.В., Мхитарян Э.А., Онучина Ю.С., Лысенков С.Н. Валидация опросника для скрининга синдрома старческой астении в амбулаторной практике. Успехи геронтологии. 2017; 30(2): 236–242.

86. Buta B.J., et al. Frailty assessment instruments: systematic characterization of the uses and contexts of highly — cited instruments. Ageing Res. Rev. 2016; 26: 53–61.

87. Hadjistavropoulos T., Herr K., Turk D.C., Fine P.G., Dworkin R.H., Helme R., et al. An interdisciplinary expert consensus statement on assessment of pain in older persons. Clin J Pain 2007; 23(1): 1–43.

88. Jokl P. Prevention of disuse muscle atrophy in chronic arthritides. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1990; 16: 837–844.

89. Shorr R.I., Griffin M.R., Daugherty J.R., et al. Opioid analgesics and the risk of hip fracture in the elderly: codeine and propoxyphene. J Gerontol. 1992; 47: 111–115.

90. Weiner D.K., Hanlon J.T., Studenski S.A. Effects of central nervous system polypharmacy on falls liability in community-dwelling elderly. Gerontology. 1998; 44: 217–221.

91. Sakai Y., Matsui H., Ito S., et al. Sarcopenia in elderly patients with chronic low back pain. Osteoporos Sarcopenia. 2017; 3(4): 195–200.

92. De Ceuninck F., Fradin A., Pastoureau P. Bearing arms against osteoarthritis and sarcopenia: when cartilage and skeletal muscle find common interest in talking together. Drug Discov Today. 2013.

93. Karasik D., Kiel D.P. Evidence for pleiotropic factors in genetics of the musculoskeletal system. Bone. 2010; 46: 1226–1237.

94. Burr D.B. Muscle strength, bone mass, and age-related bone loss. J Bone Miner Res. 1997; 12: 1547–1551.

95. Brandt K.D., Dieppe P., Radin E.L. Etiopathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2008; 34: 531–559.

96. Spahr N., Hodkinson D., Jolly K., Williams S., Howard M., Thacker M. Distinguishing between nociceptive and neuropathic components in chronic low back pain using behavioural evaluation and sensory examination. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2017; 27: 40–48.

97. Sakai Y., Ito K., Hida T., Ito S., Harada A. Neuropathic pain in elderly patients with chronic low back painand effects of pregabalin: a preliminary study. Asian Spine J. 2015; 9(2): 254–262.

98. Attal N., Perrot S., Fermanian J., Bouhassira D. The neuropathic components of chronic low back pain: A prospective multicenter study using the DN4 questionnaire. J Pain. 2011; 12: 1080–1087.

99. Bouhassira D., Attal N., Alchaar H., et al. Comparison of pain syndromes associated with nervous or somatic lesions and development of a new neuropathic pain diagnostic questionnaire (DN4). Pain. 2005; 114(1–2): 29–36.

100. Jiang M.S., Yuan Y., Gu Z.X., Zhuang S.L. Corneal confocal microscopy for assessment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016; 100(1): 9–14.

101. Haanpää M., Attal N., Backonja M., et al. NeuPSIG guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment. Pain. 2011; 152(1): 14–27.

102. Vranken J.H. Current Approaches to the Management of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2015 Sep; 29(3): 307–10. DOI: 10.3109/15360288.2015

103. Baron R., Maier C., Attal N., et al Peripheral neuropathic pain: a mechanism-related organizing principle based on sensory profiles. Pain. 2017; 158(2): 261–272.

104. Baron R., Binder A., Wasner G. Neuropathic pain: diagnosis, patho- physiological mechanisms, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9(8): 807–19.

105. Fillingim R.B., Loeser J.D., Baron R., Edwards R.R. Assessment of Chronic Pain: Domains, Methods, and Mechanisms. J Pain. 2016; 17(9): 10–20.

106. Colloca L., Ludman T., Bouhassira D., et al. Neuropathic pain. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017; 16(3): 170–02.

107. Gilron I., Watson C.P., Cahill C.M., Moulin D.E. Neuropathic pain: a practical guide for the clinician. CMAJ. 2006; 175(3): 265–275.

108. Gilron I. et al. Neuropathic Pain: Principles of Diagnosis and Treatment. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2015; 90(4): 532–545.

109. Truini A., Biasiotta A., Di Stefano G., et al. Does the epidermal nerve fibre density measured by skin biopsy in patients with peripheral neuropathies correlate with neuropathic pain? Pain. 2014; 155(4): 828–832.

110. Kerasnoudis A., Tsivgoulis G. Nerve Ultrasound in Peripheral Neuropathies: A Review. J Neuroimaging. 2015; 25(4): 528–38.

111. Royal College of Physicians, British Geriatrics Society, and British Pain Society. The assessment of pain in older people: national guidelines. Concise guidance to good practice series No 8. Royal College of Physicians. 2007.

112. American Geriatrics Society Panel on Persistent Pain in Older Persons. The management of persistent pain in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002; 50(6): 205–24.

113. Weiner D., Herr K. Comprehensive Assessment and Interdisciplinary Treatment Planning: An Integrative Overview. In: Persistent Pain in Older Adults: An Interdisciplinary Guide for Treatment, Weiner D., Herr K., Rudy T. (Eds), Springer. 2002; 18.

114. Weiner D., Karp J., Bernstein C., Morone N. Pain Medicine in Older Adults: How Should it Differ? In: Comprehensive Treatment of Chronic Pain by Medical, Interventional and Behavioral Approaches, Deer T., Ray A., Gordin V. (Eds), Springer. 2012.

115. Besson J.M. The neurobiology of pain. Lancet. 1999; 353: 1610–1615.

116. Eccleston C., Crombez G., Aldrich S., et al. Attention and somatic awareness in chronic pain. Pain. 1997; 72: 209–215.

117. Morrison R.S., Magaziner J., Gilbert M., et al. Relationship between pain and opioid analgesics on the development of delirium following hip fracture. J Gerontol Series A Biol Med Sci. 2003; 58: 76–81.

118. Xiao L., Lin S., Zhan F. The association between serum uric acid level and changes of MRI findings in knee osteoarthritis: A retrospective study (A STROBE-compliant article). Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98(21): 15819.

119. Jin X., Beguerie J.R., Zhang W., Blizzard L., Otahal P., Jones G., Ding C. Circulating C Reactive Protein in Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015; 74(4): 703–710.

120. Wu Z., Malihi Z., Stewart A.W., Lawes C.M., Scragg R. The association between vitamin D concentration and pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2018. 1–16.

121. Rizzoli R. et al. Vitamin D supplementation in elderly or postmenopausal women: a 2013 update of the 2008 recommendations from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO). Current Medical Research & Opinion. 2013; 4(29): 1–9.

122. Shipton E.E., Shipton E.A. Vitamin D deficiency and pain: Clinical evidence of low levels of vitamin D and supplementation in chronic pain states. Pain Ther. 2015; 4: 67–87.

123. Li S. et al. Vitamin D prevents articular cartilage erosion by regulating collagen II turnover through TGF-β1 in ovariectomized rats. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 2017; 24(2): 345–353.

124. Am Mohamed Y., Haifa H., Datel O., Fadoua H.N., et al. The role of biochemical markers of bone turnover in the diagnosis of osteoporosis and predicting fracture risk. Tunis Med. 2014; 92: 304–310.

125. Dimopoulos M., Kyle R., Fermand J.-P., et al. Consensus recommendations for standard investigative workup: report of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 3. Blood. 2011; 117(18): 4701–4705

126. Azevedo L.F., Costa-Pereira A., Mendonça L., Dias C.C., Castro-Lopes J.M. Chronic pain and health services utilization: is there overuse of diagnostic tests and inequalities in nonpharmacologic treatment methods utilization? Med Care. 2013; 51: 859–69.

127. Dansie E.J., Turk D.C. Assessment of patients with chronic pain. Br J Anaesth. 2013; 111: 19–25.

128. Delmas P.D., van de Langerijt L., Watts N.B. et al. Underdiagnosis of vertebral fractures is a worldwide problem: the IMPACT study. J Bone Miner Res. 2005; 20(4): 557–63.

129. Cosman F., de Beur S.J., LeBoff M.S. et al. Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2014; 25: 2359–2381.

130. The International Society For Clinical Densitometry. 2013 ISCD official positions—adult. Available at: www.iscd.org/officialpositions/2013-iscd-official-positions-adult/. Accessed January 1, 2015.

131. Мельниченко Г.А., Белая Ж.Е., Рожинская Л.Я. и соавт. Федеральные клинические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике остеопороза. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2017; 63(6): 392–426.

132. Kanis J.A., on behalf of the who scientific group. Assessment of osteoporosis at the primary health-care level. Technical Report. Sheffield (UK): University of Sheffield (UK), Who Collaboraiting Centre; 2007 [Cited 2017 Jun 29]. Available From: https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/FRAX/pdfs/WHO_Technical Report.pdf.

133. Ginnerup-Nielsen E.M., Henriksen M., Christensen R., et al. Prevalence of self-reported knee symptoms and management strategies among elderly individuals from Frederiksberg municipality: protocol for a prospective and pragmatic Danish cohort study BMJ Open. 2019; 9: e028087.

134. Mandl L.A. Osteoarthritis year in review 2018: clinical. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 2019; 27(3): 359–364.

135. Silverwood V., Blagojevic-Bucknall M., Jinks C., et al. Current evidence on risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2015; 23(4): 507–515.

136. Wang K., Xing D., Dong S., Lin J. The global state of research in nonsurgical treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a bibliometric and visualized study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019; 20(1): 407.

137. Mathiessen A., Conaghan P.G. Synovitis in osteoarthritis: current understanding with therapeutic implications. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017; 19(1): 18.

138. Wang X., Blizzard L., Jin X., Chen Z., et al. Quantitative Assessment of Knee Effusion‐Synovitis in Older Adults: Association With Knee Structural Abnormalities. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2016; 68: 837–844.

139. Reid M.C., Bennett D.A., Chen W.G., et al. Improving the pharmacologic management of pain in older adults: identifying the research gaps and methods to address them. Pain Med. 2011; 12(9): 1336–1357.

140. Tumer N., Scarpace P.J., Lowenthal D.T. Geriatric pharmacology: basic and clinical considerations. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1992; 32: 271–302.

141. Tracy B., Sean M.R. Pain management in older adults. Clinical Therapeutics. 2013; 35(11): 1659–68.

142. Luria A.R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. Oxford, England: Basic Books. 1966.

143. Spitz A., Moore A.A., Papaleontiou M., Granieri E., Turner B.J., Reid M.C. Primary care providers' perspective on prescribing opioids to older adults with chronic non-cancer pain: a qualitative study. BMC Geriatr. 2011; 11: 35.

144. Thielke S., Sale J., Reid M.C. Aging: are these 4 pain myths complicating care? J Fam Pract. 2012; 61(11): 666–670.

145. Crombez G., Vlaeyen J.W., Hours P.H., Lysens R. Painrelated tear is more disabling than pain itself: evidence on the role of pain-related tear in chronic back pain disability. Pain. 1999.

146. Marie B.S., Arnstein P. Quality pain care for older adults in an era of suspicion and scrutiny. J Gerontol Nurs. 2016; 42: 31–39.

147. Bergeron-Vézina K., Corriveau H., Martel M., Harvey M.P., Léonard G. High- and low-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation does not reduce experimental pain in elderly individuals. Pain. 2015; 156(10): 2093–2099.

148. Fried T.R., Tinetti M.E., Iannone L., O'Leary J.R., Towle V., Van Ness P.H. Health outcome prioritization as a tool for decision making among older persons with multiple chronic conditions. Arch Intern Med. 2011; 171(20): 1854–1856.

149. Dobscha S.K., Corson K., Perrin N.A., et al. Collaborative care for chronic pain in primary care: a cluster randomized trial. JAMA. 2009; 301(12): 1242–1252.

150. Messier S.P., Mihalko S.L., Legault C., Miller G.D., Nicklas B.J., DeVita P., et al. Effects of intensive diet and exercise on knee joint loads, inflammation, and clinical outcomes among overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis: the IDEA randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013; 310: 1263–73.

151. Abdulla A., Adams N., Bone M., Elliott A.M., Gaffin J., Jones D., et al. Guidance on the management of pain in older people. Age Ageing 2013; 42 (1): 1–57.

152. Клинические рекомендации Министерства Здравоохранения Российской Федерации «Старческая астения». 2018.

153. American Geriatrics Society Panel on Pharmacological Management of Persistent Pain in Older Persons. Pharmacological management of persistent pain in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009; 57(8): 1331–1346.

154. Ali S., Garcia J.M. Sarcopenia, cachexia and aging: diagnosis, mechanisms and therapeutic options — a mini-review. Gerontology. 2014; 60(4): 294–305.

155. Gillespie L.D., Robertson M.C., Gillespie W.J. et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 9.

156. Turner S., Arthur G., Lyons R.A. et al. Modification of the home environment for the reduction of injuries. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011; 2.

157. Cumming R.G., Thomas M., Szonyi G. et al. Home visits by an occupational therapist for assessment and modification of environmental hazards: a randomized trial of falls prevention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1999; 47(12): 1397–1402.

158. Calvani R., Miccheli A., Landi F., et al. Current nutritional recommendations and novel dietary strategies to manage sarcopenia. J Frailty Aging. 2013; 2(1): 38–53.

159. Symons T.B., Sheffield-Moore M., Wolfe R.R., Paddon-Jones D. A moderate serving of high-quality protein maximally stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis in young and elderly subjects. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009; 109: 1582–6.

160. Kim Ch.-O., Lee K.-R. Preventive effect of protein-energy supplementation on the functional decline of frail older adults with low socioeconomic status: a community-based randomized controlled study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013; 68(3): 309–16.

161. Lozupone M., Panza F., Piccininni M., et al. Social Dysfunction in Older Age and Relationships with Cognition, Depression, and Apathy: The GreatAGE Study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018.

162. Chipps J., Jarvis M.A., Ramlall S. The effectiveness of e-Interventions on reducing social isolation in older persons: A systematic review of systematic reviews. J Telemed Telecare. 2017; 23(10): 817–827.

163. Karayannis N.V., Baumann I., Sturgeon J.A., et al. The Impact of Social Isolation on Pain Interference: A Longitudinal Study, Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2019; 53(1): 65–74.

164. Clauw D.J. Fibromyalgia: A clinical review. JAMA. 2014; 311: 1547.

165. Smith T.O., Dainty J.R., Williamson E., Martin K.R. Association between musculoskeletal pain with social isolation and loneliness: analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Br J Pain. 2019. 13(2): 82–90.

166. Keefe F.J., Blumenthal J., Baucom D., Affleck G., Waugh R., Caldwell D.S., et al. Effects of spouse-assisted coping skills training and exercise training in patients with osteoarthritic knee pain: a randomized controlled study. Pain. 2004; 110: 539–49.

167. Martire L.M., Schulz R., Keefe F.J., Rudy T.E., Starz T.W. Couple-oriented education and support intervention for osteoarthritis: effects on spouses’ support and responses to patient pain. Fam Syst Health. 2008; 26: 185–95.

168. You T., Ogawa E.F., Thapa S. et al. Effects of Tai Chi on beta endorphin and inflammatory markers in older adults with chronic pain: an exploratory study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019.

169. You T., Ogawa E.F., Thapa S. et al. Tai Chi for older adults with chronic multisite pain: a randomized controlled pilot study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2018; 30: 1335.

170. Li F., Harmer P., Fitzgerald K., et al. Effectiveness of a Therapeutic Tai Ji Quan Intervention vs a Multimodal Exercise Intervention to Prevent Falls Among Older Adults at High Risk of Falling: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2018; 178(10): 1301–1310.

171. Gatica-Rojas V., Cartes-Velásquez R., Albornoz-Verdugo M.E., Soto-Poblete A., Monteiro-Junior R.S., Elgueta-Cancino E. Effects of a Nintendo Wii exercise program versus Tai Chi Chuan on standing balance in older adults: a preliminary study. J Phys Ther Sci. 2019; 31(1): 1–4.

172. Qi M., Moyle W., Jones C., Weeks B. Tai Chi Combined With Resistance Training for Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: A Systematic Review. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2018.

173. Geneen L.J., Moore R.A., Clarke C., Martin D., Colvin L.A., Smith B.H. Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 1(1): CD011279.

174. Naugle K.M., Naugle K.E., Riley J.L. 3rd. Reduced Modulation of Pain in Older Adults After Isometric and Aerobic Exercise. J Pain. 2016; 17(6): 719–728.

175. Chen T.L., Bhattacharjee T., Beer J.M., et al. Older adults' acceptance of a robot for partner dance-based exercise. PLoS One. 2017; 12(10): e0182736.

176. Polaski A.M., Phelps A.L., Kostek M.C., Szucs K.A., Kolber B.J. Exercise-induced hypoalgesia: A meta-analysis of exercise dosing for the treatment of chronic pain. PLoS One. 2019; 14(1): e0210418.

177. Alrushud A.S., Rushton A.B., Kanavaki A.M., Greig C.A. Effect of physical activity and dietary restriction interventions on weight loss and the musculoskeletal function of overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and mixed method data synthesis. BMJ Open. 2017; 7(6): e014537.

178. Naugle K.M., Naugle K.E., Fillingim R.B., Riley J.L. 3rd. Isometric exercise as a test of pain modulation: effects of experimental pain test, psychological variables, and sex. Pain Med. 2014; 15(4): 692–701.

179. Bannuru R.R., Osani M.C., Vaysbrot E.E., Arden N.K., et al. OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee, hip, and polyarticular osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019; (19)31116-1: 1063–4584.

180. Rewald S., Mesters I., Lenssen A.F., Emans P.J., Wijnen W., de Bie R.A. Effect of aqua-cycling on pain and physical functioning compared with usual care in patients with knee osteoarthritis: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016; 17: 88.

181. Hurley M., Dickson K., Hallett R., et al. Exercise interventions and patient beliefs for people with hip, knee or hip and knee osteoarthritis: a mixed methods review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018; 4(4): CD010842.

182. Enblom A., Wicher M., Nordell T. Health-related quality of life and musculoskeletal function in patients with musculoskeletal disorders: after compared to before short-term group-based aqua-exercises. Eur J Physiother. 2016; 18(4): 218–225.

183. Kim S.B., O'sullivan D.M. Effects of Aqua Aerobic Therapy Exercise for Older Adults on Muscular Strength, Agility and Balance to Prevent Falling during Gait. J Phys Ther Sci. 2013; 25(8): 923–927.

184. Shi Z., Zhou H., Lu L. Aquatic exercises in the treatment of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature and meta-Analysis of eight studies. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017.

185. Vitiello M.V., McCurry S.M., Shortreed S.M., et al. Cognitive-behavioral treatment for comorbid insomnia and osteoarthritis pain in primary care: the lifestyles randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013; 61(6): 947–956.

186. Turner J.A., Anderson M.L., Balderson B.H., Cook A.J., Sherman K.J., Cherkin D.C. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic low back pain: similar effects on mindfulness, catastrophizing, self-efficacy, and acceptance in a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2016; 157(11): 2434–2444.

187. Cherkin D.C., Sherman K.J., Balderson B.H., et al. Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction vs Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or Usual Care on Back Pain and Functional Limitations in Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016; 315(12): 1240–1249.

188. Vitiello M.V., Rybarczyk B., Von Korff M., Stepanski E.J. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia improves sleep and decreases pain in older adults with co-morbid insomnia and osteoarthritis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009; 5(4): 355–362.

189. Niknejad B., Bolier R., Henderson C.R. Jr, et al. Association Between Psychological Interventions and Chronic Pain Outcomes in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2018; 178(6): 830–839.

190. Chamorro-Moriana G., Moreno A.J., Sevillano J.L. Technology-Based Feedback and Its Efficacy in Improving Gait Parameters in Patients with Abnormal Gait: A Systematic Review. Sensors (Basel). 2018; 18(1): 142.

191. Schofield P., Smith B.H., Martin D., et al. Systematically searching for and assessing the literature for self-management of chronic pain: a lay users' perspective. BMC Geriatr. 2014;14: 86.

192. Orellano-Colón E.M., Morales F.M., Sotelo Z., et al. Development of an assistive technology intervention for community older adults. Phys Occup Ther Geriatr. 2017; 35(2): 49–66.

193. Методическое руководство МР 103 «Фармакотерапия пациентов пожилого и старческого возрасте». 2018.

194. Galicia-Castillo M., Weiner D.K. Treatment of persistent pain in older adults. In: Schmader KE, editor. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate; 2018. www.uptodate.com.

195. Machado G.C., Maher C.G., Ferreira P.H., et al. Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials. BMJ. 2015; 350: h1225.

196. Saragiotto B.T., Machado G.C., Ferreira M.L., Pinheiro M.B., Abdel Shaheed C., Maher C.G. Paracetamol for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; 2016(6): CD012230.

197. Wongrakpanich Supakanya, Wongrakpanich Amaraporn, Melhado Katie, et al. A Comprehensive Review of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use in The Elderly[J]. Aging and disease. 2018; 9(1): 143–150.

198. Bhala N., Emberson J., Merhi A., Abramson S., et al. Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2013; 382(9894): 769.

199. Fukuda K., Miyamae F., Tomita K., Yamaashi T., Ogawa Y., Yatsumoto K., Egawa M., Yamasaki A. Association between chronic kidney disease and synergistic, potentially nephrotoxic medication use in elderly hospitalized patients: A single-center cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2019; 57: 353–361.

200. Association of NSAID Use With Risk of Bleeding and Cardiovascular Events in Patients Receiving Antithrombotic Therapy After Myocardial Infarction. JAMA. 2015; 313(8): 805–814.

201. Lo-Ciganic W.H., Floden L., Lee J.K., et al. Analgesic use and risk of recurrent falls in participants with or at risk of knee osteoarthritis: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2017; 25(9): 1390–1398.

202. Lovell A.R., Ernst M.E. Drug-Induced Hypertension: Focus on Mechanisms and Management Curr Hypertens Rep. 2017; 19: 39.

203. Dong Y.H., Chang C.H., Wu L.C., Hwang J.S., Toh S. Comparative cardiovascular safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with hypertension: a population-based cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018; 84(5): 1045–1056.

204. White W.B., Campbell P. Blood pressure destabilization on nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents: acetaminophen exposed? Circulation. 2010; 122(18): 1779–1781.

205. Scally B., Emberson J.R., Spata E., et al. Effects of gastroprotectant drugs for the prevention and treatment of peptic ulcer disease and its complications: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018; 3(4): 231–241.

206. Rostom A., Dube C., Wells G. Prevention of NSAIDinduced gastroduodenal ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; 4: CD002296.

207. Leontiadis G.I., Sreedharan A., Dorward S. Systematic reviews of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Health Technol Assess. 2007; 11: 1–164.

208. Yuan J.Q., Tsoi K.K., Yang M. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: comparative effectiveness and safety of strategies for preventing NSAID-associated gastrointestinal toxicity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016; 43: 1262–1275.

209. Moore R.A., Straube S., Wiffen P.J., Derry S., McQuay H.J. Pregabalin for acute and chronic pain in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009.

210. Reisner L. Pharmacological management of persistent pain in older persons. J Pain. 2011; 12(1): 21–9.

211. Snedecor S.J., Sudharshan L., Cappelleri J.C., Sadosky A., Desai P., Jalundhwala Y. Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological therapies for pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia and less common neuropathic conditions. Int J Clin Pract. 2014; 68: 900–918.

212. Oneschuk D., al-Shahri M.Z. The pattern of gabapentin use in a tertiary palliative care unit. J Palliat Care. 2003; 19: 185–187.

213. Wiffen P.J., Derry S., Bell R.F., et al. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 6(6): CD007938.

214. Goldstein D.J., Lu Y., Detke M.J., Lee T.C., Iyengar S. Duloxetine vs. placebo in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain. 2005; 116: 109–118.

215. Sindrup S.H., Otto M., Finnerup N.B., Jensen T.S. Antidepressants in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005; 96: 399–409.

216. Finnerup N.B., Attal N., Haroutounian S., et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2015; 14(2): 162–173.

217. Mu A., Weinberg E., Moulin D.E., Clarke H. Pharmacologic management of chronic neuropathic pain: Review of the Canadian Pain Society consensus statement. Can Fam Physician. 2017; 63(11): 844–852.

218. Dworkin R.H., O’Connor A.B., Audette J., et al. Recommendations for the pharmacological management of neuropathic pain: an overview and literature update. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010; 85(3): 3–14.

219. NHMRC. Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain Australian Clinical Practice Guidelines. Available at: https://www.clinicalguidelines.gov.au/portal/2290/guidelines-treatment-neuropathic-pain. 2018.

220. Tarride J.E., Collet J.P., Choiniere M., Rousseau C., Gordon A. The economic burden of neuropathic pain in Canada. J Med Econ 2006; 9(1–4): 55–68.

221. Sindrup S.H., Andersen G., Madsen C., Smith T., Brosen K., Jensen T.S. Tramadol relieves pain and allodynia in polyneuropathy: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial.Pain. 1999; 83(1): 85–90.

222. Boureau F., Legallicier P., Kabir-Ahmadi M. Tramadol in post-herpetic neuralgia: A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Pain. 2003; 104(1–2): 323–31.

223. Finnerup N.B., Attal N., Haroutounian S., et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis and updated NeuPSIG recommendations. Lancet Neurol. 2015; 142: 162–73.

224. Cipriani A., Koesters M., Furukawa T.A., et al. Duloxetine versus other anti-depressive agents for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 10: CD006533.

225. Everitt H., Baldwin D.S., Stuart B., et al. Antidepressants for insomnia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018; 5(5): CD010753.

226. O'Malley P.G., Balden E., Tomkins G., Santoro J., Kroenke K., Jackson J.L. Treatment of fibromyalgia with antidepressants: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2000; 15(9): 659–666.

227. Thorpe J., Shum B., Moore R.A., Wiffen P.J., Gilron I. Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018; 2(2): CD010585.

228. Turner B.J., Liang Y. Drug Overdose in a Retrospective Cohort with Non-Cancer Pain Treated with Opioids, Antidepressants, and/or Sedative-Hypnotics: Interactions with Mental Health Disorders. J Gen Intern Med. 2015; 30(8): 1081–1096.

229. Gallagher R.M. Management of neuropathic pain: translating mechanistic advances and evidence-based research into clinical practice. Clin J Pain. 2006; 22: 2–8.

230. American geriatrics society 2015 use in an aging cohort over ten years: a racial comparison. Blazer D., Hybels C., Simonsick E., Hanlon J.T. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000; 48: 1073–1079.

231. American geriatrics society 2015 updated beers criteria for inappropriate medication use in older adults. American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015; 63: 2227–2246.

232. Pharmacological management of persistent pain in older persons. American Geriatrics Society Panel on Pharmacological Management of Persistent Pain in Older Persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009; 57: 1331–1346.

233. Furlan A.D., Sandoval J.A., Mailis-Gagnon A., Tunks E. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a meta-analysis of effectiveness and side effects. CMAJ. 2006; 174: 1589–94.

234. Nuesch E., Rutjes A.W., Husni E., Welch V., Juni P. Oral or transdermal opioids for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; 4: CD003115.

235. Inacio M.C.S., Cashman K., Pratt N.L., et al. Prevalence and changes in analgesic medication utilisation 1 year prior to total joint replacement in an older cohort of patients. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2018; 26: 356–362.

236. Birke H., Kurita G.P., Sjøgren P., Højsted J., et al. Chronic non-cancer pain and the epidemic prescription of opioids in the Danish population: trends from 2000 to 2013. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2016; 60: 623–633.

237. Volkow N.D., McLellan A.T. Opioid abuse in chronic pain — misconceptions and mitigation strategies. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016; 374: 1253–1263.

238. Приказ Минздрава России № 345н, Минтруда России № 372н от 31.05.2019 «Об утверждении Положения об организации оказания паллиативной медицинской помощи, включая порядок взаимодействия медицинских организаций, организаций социального обслуживания и общественных объединений, иных некоммерческих организаций, осуществляющих свою деятельность в сфере охраны здоровья».

239. Derry S., Conaghan P., Da Silva J.A., Wiffen P.J., Moore R.A. Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; 4(4): CD007400.

240. Derry S., Wiffen P.J., Moore R.A., Quinlan J. Topical lidocaine for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 2014(7): CD010958.

241. Pickering G., Martin E., Tiberghien F., Delorme C., Mick G. Localized neuropathic pain: an expert consensus on local treatments. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017; 11: 2709–2718.

242. de León-Casasola O.A., Mayoral V. The topical 5% lidocaine medicated plaster in localized neuropathic pain: a reappraisal of the clinical evidence. J Pain Res. 2016; 9: 67–79.

243. Derry S., Wiffen P.J., Kalso E.A., et al. Topical analgesics for acute and chronic pain in adults — an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 5(5): CD008609.

244. Wu Z., Malihi Z., Stewart A.W., Lawes C.M., Scragg R. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pain Physician. 2016; 19(7): 415–27.

245. Mukherjee D., Lahiry S., Thakur S., Chakraborty D.S. Effect of 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 supplementation on pain relief in early rheumatoid arthritis. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019; 8(2): 517–522.

246. Hochberg M.C., Martel-Pelletier J., Monfort J., Möller I., Castillo J.L., Arden N. Combined chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine for painful knee osteoarthritis: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial versus celecoxib Ann Rheum Dis. 2015; 75: 37–44.

247. Singh J.A., Noorbaloochi S., MacDonald R., Maxwell L.J. The Cochrane Collaboration Chondroitin for osteoarthritis (Review) Cochrane Libr, 2015.

248. Honvo G., Bruyere O., Geerinck A. et al. Efficacy of chondroitin sulfate in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a comprehensive meta-analysis exploring inconsistencies in randomized, placebocontrolled trials. Adv Ther. 2019; 36: 1085–1099.

249. Shang Q., Yin Y., Zhu L., Li G., Yu G., Wang X. Degradation of chondroitin sulfate by the gut microbiota of Chinese individuals// In International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2016; 86: 112–118.

250. «Двойное слепое плацебо-контролируемое рандомизированное исследование эффективности и безопасности препарата Хондрогард®, раствор для внутримышечного введения 100 мг/мл (ЗАО «ФармФирма «Сотекс», Россия) у пациентов с гонартрозом»

251. Gregori D., Giacovelli G., Minto C., et al. Association of Pharmacological Treatments With Long-term Pain Control in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. //JAMA. 2018; 320(24): 2564–2579. DOI:10.1001/jama.2018.19319

252. Simental-Mendía M., Sánchez-García A., Vilchez-Cavazos F., Acosta-Olivo C.A., Peña-Martínez V.M., Simental-Mendía L.E. Effect of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Rheumatol Int. 2018 Aug; 38(8): 1413–1428. DOI: 10.1007/s00296-018-4077-2. Epub 2018 Jun 11. PMID: 29947998.

253. Bruyère O. et al. An algorithm recommendation for the management of knee osteoarthritis in Europe and internationally A report from a task force of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO). Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2014; 44(3): 253–263.

254. Rovati L.C., Girolami F., Persiani S. Crystalline glucosamine sulfate in the management of knee osteoarthritis: efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2012; 4: 167–180.

255. Zhang W., Nuki G., Moskowitz R.W. et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis: part III: changes in evidence following systematic cumulative update of research published through January 2009. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010; 18: 476–499.

256. Chiusaroli R., Piepoli T., Zanelli T. et al. Experimental pharmacology of glucosamine sulfate. Int J Rheumatol. 2011.939265.

257. Идентификационный номер протокола КИ Минздрава РФ: № KI/0113-1 «Рандомизированное слепое многоцентровое плацебо-контролируемое клиническое исследование по изучению эффективности и безопасности препарата Сустагард Артро, раствор для внутримышечного у пациентов с остеоартрозом коленного сустава (гонартрозом) в параллельных группах».

258. Cheng O.T., Souzdalnitski D., Vrooman B., Cheng J. Evidence-based knee injections for the management of arthritis. Pain Med. 2012; 13(6): 740–753.

259. Charlesworth J., Fitzpatrick J., Perera N.K.P., Orchard J. Osteoarthritis- a systematic review of long-term safety implications for osteoarthritis of the knee. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019; 20(1): 151.

260. Sandhu H., Ellard D.R., Achana F., et al. Facet-joint injections for people with persistent non-specific low back pain (FIS): study protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial. Trials. 2015; 16: 588.

261. Plaas A., Li J., Riesco J., Das R., Sandy J.D., Harrison A. Intraarticular injection of hyaluronan prevents cartilage erosion, periarticular fibrosis and mechanical allodynia and normalizes stance time in murine knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011; 13(2): 46.

262. Honvo G., Reginster J.Y., Rannou F., et al. Safety of Intraarticular Hyaluronic Acid Injections in Osteoarthritis: Outcomes of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Drugs Aging. 2019; 36(1): 101–127.

263. Trigkilidas D., Anand A. The effectiveness of hyaluronic acid intra-articular injections in managing osteoarthritic knee pain. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2013; 95(8): 545–551.

264. Iannitti T, Lodi D, Palmieri B. Intra-articular injections for the treatment of osteoarthritis: focus on the clinical use of hyaluronic acid. Drugs R D. 2011.11(1):13–27.

265. Bowman S., Awad M.E., Hamrick M.W., Hunter M., Fulzele S. Recent advances in hyaluronic acid based therapy for osteoarthritis. Clin Transl Med. 2018; 7(1): 6.

266. Das S., Crockett J.C. Osteoporosis — a current view of pharmacological prevention and treatment. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2013; 7: 435–448.

267. Tu K.N., Lie J.D., Wan C.K.V., et al. Osteoporosis: A Review of Treatment Options. P T. 2018; 43(2): 92–104.

268. Vandenbroucke A., Luyten F.P., Flamaing J., Gielen E. Pharmacological treatment of osteoporosis in the oldest old. Clin Interv Aging. 2017; 12: 1065–1077.

269. Freemantle N., Cooper C., Diez-Perez A., et al. Results of indirect and mixed treatment comparison of fracture efficacy for osteoporosis treatments: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2013; 24(1): 209–217.

270. Jüni P., Reichenbach S., Dieppe P. Osteoarthritis: rational approach to treating the individual. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2006; 20(4): 721–740.

271. Barbieri A., Vanhaecht K., Van Herck P., et al. Effects of clinical pathways in the joint replacement: a meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2009; 7(1): 32.

272. Gooch K., Marshall D.A., Faris P.D., et al. Comparative effectiveness of alternative clinical pathways for primary hip and knee joint replacement patients: a pragmatic randomized, controlled trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012; 20(10): 1086–1094.

273. Van Herck P., Vanhaecht K., Deneckere S., et al. Key interventions and outcomes in joint arthroplasty clinical pathways: a systematic review. J Eval Clin Pract. 2010; 16(1): 39–49.

274. Schmucker A.M., Hupert N., Mandl L.A. The Impact of Frailty on Short-Term Outcomes After Elective Hip and Knee Arthroplasty in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2019; 10: 2151459319835109.

275. Juch J.N.S., Maas E.T., Ostelo R.W.J.G., et al. Effect of Radiofrequency Denervation on Pain Intensity Among Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain: The Mint Randomized Clinical Trials [published correction appears in JAMA. JAMA. 2017; 318(1): 68–81.

276. Cohen S.P., Doshi T.L., Constantinescu O.C., et al. Effectiveness of Lumbar Facet Joint Blocks and Predictive Value before Radiofrequency Denervation: The Facet Treatment Study (FACTS), a Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial [published correction appears in Anesthesiology. 2018 Sep; 129(3): 618]. Anesthesiology. 2018; 129(3): 517–535.

277. Al-Najjim M., Shah R., Rahuma M., Gabbar O.A. Lumbar facet joint injection in treating low back pain: Radiofrequency denervation versus SHAM procedure. Systematic review. J Orthop. 2017; 15(1): 1–8.

278. Chu J., Bruyninckx F., Neuhauser D.V. Chronic refractory myofascial pain and denervation supersensitivity as global public health disease. BMJ Case Rep. 2016; 2016: 2015211816.

279. Jamison D.E., Cohen S.P. Radiofrequency techniques to treat chronic knee pain: a comprehensive review of anatomy, effectiveness, treatment parameters, and patient selection. J Pain Res. 2018; 11: 1879–1888.

280. Madara K.C., Marmon A., Aljehani M., Hunter-Giordano A., Zeni J. Jr, Raisis L. Progressive rehabilitation after total hip arthroplasty: a pilot and feasibility study. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2019; 14(4): 564–581.

281. Heiberg K.E., Ekeland A., Mengshoel A.M. Functional improvements desired by patients before and in the first year after total hip arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013; 14(1): 243.

282. Di Monaco M., Castiglioni C. Which type of exercise therapy is effective after hip arthroplasty? A systematic review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2013; 49(6): 893–907.

283. Judd D.L., Dennis D.А., Thomas A.C., Wolfe P., Dayton M.R., Stevens-Lapsley J.E. Muscle strength and functional recovery during the first year after THA. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014; 472(2): 654–664.

284. Swanson E.A., Schmalzried T.P., Dorey F.J. Activity recommendations after total hip and knee arthroplasty a survey of the American Association for Hip and Knee Surgeons. Most. 2009; 24(6): 120–126.

285. Petterson S.C., Mizner R.L., Stevens J.E., et al. Improved function from progressive strengthening interventions after total knee arthroplasty: A randomized clinical trial with an imbedded prospective cohort. Arthritis Care Res. 2009; 61(2): 174–183.

286. Marley J., Tully M.A., Porter-Armstrong A. The effectiveness of interventions aimed at increasing physical activity in adults with persistent musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and metaanalysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017; 18: 482.

287. Busch A.J., Schachter C.L., Overend T.J., Peloso P.M., Barber K.A. Exercise for fibromyalgia: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2008; 35: 1130–1144.

288. Hall A., Maher C., Latimer J., Ferreira M. The effectiveness of Tai Chi for chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009; 61: 717–724.

289. Rausch Osthoff A.K., Niedermann K., Braun J. 2018 EULAR recommendations for physical activity in people with inflammatory arthritis and osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018; 77: 1251–1260.

290. John U., Hanke M., Meyer C., Völzke H., Baumeister S.E., Alte D. Tobacco smoking in relation to pain in a national general population survey. Prev Med. 2006; 43: 477–481.

291. Weingarten T.N., Moeschler S.M., Ptaszynski A.E., Hooten W.M., Beebe T.J., Warner D.O. An assessment of the association between smoking status, pain intensity, and functional interference in patients with chronic pain. Pain Physician. 2008; 11: 643–653.

292. Ditre J.W., Brandon T.H., Zale E.L., Meagher M.M. Pain, nicotine, and smoking: research findings and mechanistic considerations. Psychol Bull. 2011; 137: 1065–1093.

293. Alford D.P., German J.S., Samet J.H., Cheng D.M., Lloyd- Travaglini C.A., Saitz R. Primary care patients with drug use report chronic pain and self-medicate with alcohol and other drugs. J Gen Intern Med. 2016; 31: 486–491.

294. Riley J., King C. Self-report of alcohol use for pain in a multi-ethnic community sample. J Pain. 2009; 10: 944–952.

295. Egli M., Koob G.F., Edwards S. Alcohol dependence as a chronic pain disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012; 36: 2179–2192.