<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">geriatr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал гериатрической медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2686-8636</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-8709</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Сайт издателя</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37586/2686-8636-1-2022-48-57</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">geriatr-243</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Додементные когнитивные расстройства</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pre-dementia cognitive impairment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3110-4764</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коберская</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koberskaya</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> канд. мед. наук, ассистент; ст. науч. сотр. </p><p>телефон: +7 (985) 222-02-63</p><p> Москва </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Chair for Nervous Diseases and  Neurosurgery, Faculty of General Medicine</p><p>+7 (985) 222-02-63 </p><p> Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">koberskaya_n_n@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2597-981X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мхитарян</surname><given-names>Э. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mkhitaryan</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры болезней старения; заведующая лабораторией нейрогериатрии </p><p>телефон: +7(916)653-36-78</p><p> Москва </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Agerelated Diseases Department</p><p>+7(916)653-36-78 </p><p> Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">melen99@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9467-6244</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Локшина</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lokshina</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> ассистент кафедры нервных болезней и нейрохирургии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского  </p><p>Телефон: +7(916)243-00-28 </p><p> Москва </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> assistant to the Department of Nervous Diseases and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine named after N.V. Sklifosovsky </p><p>+7(916)243-00-28 </p><p> Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aloksh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2424-3245</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гришина</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grishina</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> канд. мед. наук, ассистент кафедры нервных болезней и нейрохирургии Института клинической медицины; врач-невролог</p><p>телефон: +7(985)304-72-39</p><p> Москва </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> MD, PhD, Assistant of the Department of Nervous Diseases and Neurosurgery of the Medical Faculty; neurologist</p><p>+7(985)304-72-39 </p><p> Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dstepkina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский университет), кафедра нервных болезней и нейрохирургии Института клинической медицины;&#13;
ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России, Российский геронтологический научно-клинический центр<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation;&#13;
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Gerontology Research and Clinical Centre<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России, Российский геронтологический научно-клинический центр<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Gerontology Research and Clinical Centre<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский университет), кафедра нервных болезней и нейрохирургии Института клинической медицины<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>05</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Коберская Н.Н., Мхитарян Э.А., Локшина А.Б., Гришина Д.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коберская Н.Н., Мхитарян Э.А., Локшина А.Б., Гришина Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Koberskaya N.N., Mkhitaryan E.A., Lokshina A.B., Grishina D.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.geriatr-news.com/jour/article/view/243">https://www.geriatr-news.com/jour/article/view/243</self-uri><abstract><p>Когнитивные расстройства представляют одну из наиболее значимых проблем людей пожилого и старческого возраста. Особое внимание необходимо уделять диагностике ранних додементных стадий когнитивных расстройств (КР): субъективных, лёгких и умеренных (УКР). Целью данного исследования являлось определение критериев выделения доумеренного когнитивного снижения: субъективного (СКС) и лёгкого (ЛКС).Материал и методы исследования. Исследование включало 602 пациента с доумеренным когнитивным снижением (с СКС и ЛКС) со средним возрастом 63,24±11,24 лет и 515 пациентов с умеренными когнитивными расстройствами в возрасте 71,2±8,0 лет. Показатели пациентов сравнивались с показателями 104 здоровых людей (средний возраст 64,23±8,14 лет), не предъявлявших жалоб на нарушение памяти и не имевших отклонений при клинико-психологическом исследовании.Результаты и обсуждение. Были выделены группы пациентов с СКС и ЛКС, которые различались по большинству характеристик. При этом в обеих выделенных группах пациентов отклонения результатов нейропсихологических тестов не превышали 1 стандартного отклонения от среднестатистических результатов для здоровых людей, что, собственно, и позволило отнести их к доумеренным когнитивным расстройствам. Полученные данные подтвердили гетерогенность доумеренного когнитивного снижения. Исследование показывает также ограниченность выделения доумеренных нарушений только на основании формального подхода, опирающегося на количественные характеристики нейропсихологического исследования с отличием от контрольных групп, обязательно превышающих 1 стандартное отклонение.Заключение. Проведенный анализ показал неоднородность додементных и, в частности, доумеренных когнитивных нарушений, разделяющихся по степени изменений объективно оцениваемых когнитивных функций при сходстве субъективных жалоб. Предлагается выделять субъективное когнитивное снижение при полностью нормальных нейропсихологических характеристиках и легкое когнитивное снижение, в случаях изменения отдельных показателей, оценивающих, главным образом, управляющие функции и память.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cognitive disorders are one of the most significant problems of older. Special attention should be paid to the diagnosis of early pre-dementia stages of cognitive impairment (CI): subjective, subtle and mild.The aim of this study was to determine the criteria of pre-mild: subjective and subtle cognitive decline (SCD).Material and methods. The study included 602 patients with pre-mild cognitive impairment with a mean age of 63.24±11.24 years and 515 patients with mild cognitive impairment aged 71.2±8.0 years. The indicators of patients were compared with those of 104 healthy people (average age 64.23±8.14 years) who did not complain of memory impairment and had no deviations during clinical and neuropsychological examination.Results and discussion. Groups of patients with subjective and subtle cognitive decline were distinguished, which differed in most characteristics. At the same time, in both groups of patients, deviations in the results of neuropsychological tests did not exceed one standard deviation from the average results for healthy people, which, in fact, allowed them to be attributed to «pre-mild» cognitive decline. The data obtained confirmed the heterogeneity of the «pre-mild» cognitive decline. The study also shows the allocation limitation of pre-mild cognitive impairment only on the basis of a formal approach based on the quantitative characteristics of neuropsychological research with a difference from control groups necessarily exceeding one standard deviation.Conclusion. The analysis showed the heterogeneity of pre-dementia and pre-mild cognitive impairments that are divided according to the degree of changes in objectively assessed cognitive functions with the similarity of subjective complaints. It is proposed to distinguish subjective cognitive decline with completely normal neuropsychological characteristics and subtle cognitive decline in the event of changes in individual indicators evaluating mainly the control functions and memory.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>доумеренные когнитивные расстройства</kwd><kwd>субъективное когнитивное снижение</kwd><kwd>лёгкое когнитивное снижение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cognitive impairment</kwd><kwd>subtle cognitive decline</kwd><kwd>subjective cognitive decline</kwd><kwd>mild cognitive impairment</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amariglio R.E., Becker J.A., Carmasin J. et al. Subjective cognitive complaints and amyloid burden in cognitively normal older individuals. Neuropsychologia. 2012 Oct; 50(12): 2880–2886. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.08.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amariglio R.E., Becker J.A., Carmasin J. et al. Subjective cognitive complaints and amyloid burden in cognitively normal older individuals. Neuropsychologia. 2012 Oct; 50(12): 2880–2886. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.08.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amieva H., Le Goff M., Millet X. et al.. Prodromal Alzheimer's disease: successive emergence of the clinical symptoms. Ann Neurol. 2008 Nov; 64(5): 492–8. DOI: 10.1002/ana.21509.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amieva H., Le Goff M., Millet X. et al.. Prodromal Alzheimer's disease: successive emergence of the clinical symptoms. Ann Neurol. 2008 Nov; 64(5): 492–8. DOI: 10.1002/ana.21509.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caracciolo B., Gatz M., Xu W. et al. Differential distribution of subjective and objective cognitive impairment in the population: a nation-wide twin-study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012; 29(2): 393–403. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2011–111904.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caracciolo B., Gatz M., Xu W. et al. Differential distribution of subjective and objective cognitive impairment in the population: a nation-wide twin-study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012; 29(2): 393–403. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2011–111904.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dufouil C., Fuhrer R., Alpérovitch A. Subjective cognitive complaints and cognitive decline: consequence or predictor? The epidemiology of vascular aging study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Apr; 53(4): 616–21. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532–5415.2005.53209.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dufouil C., Fuhrer R., Alpérovitch A. Subjective cognitive complaints and cognitive decline: consequence or predictor? The epidemiology of vascular aging study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Apr; 53(4): 616–21. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532–5415.2005.53209.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаров В.В., Яхно Н.Н. Синдром умеренных когнитивных нарушений в пожилом возрасте — диагностика и лечение. Русский медицинский журнал 2004; 10: 573–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaharov VV, Yаhno NN. Sindrom umerennyh kognitivnyh narushenij v pozhilom vozraste — diagnostika i lechenie. Russkij medicinskij zhurnal 2004; 10: 573 –6. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Локшина А.Б., Захаров В.В. Лёгкие и умеренные когнитивные расстройства при дисциркуляторной энцефалопатии. //Неврологический журнал. — 2006. — Т.11. –Приложение № 1. — С. 57–63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lokshina AB, Zaharov VV. Lyogkie i umerennye kognitivnye rasstrojstva pri discirkulyatornoj encefalopatii. // Nevrologicheskij zhurnal. — 2006. — T.11. –Prilozhenie № 1. — S. 57–63. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng Y.W., Chen T.F., Chiu M.J. From mild cognitive impairment to subjective cognitive decline: conceptual and methodological evolution. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017 Feb 16; 13: 491–498. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S123428.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng Y.W., Chen T.F., Chiu M.J. From mild cognitive impairment to subjective cognitive decline: conceptual and methodological evolution. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017 Feb 16; 13: 491–498. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S123428.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаров В.В. Когнитивные расстройства без деменции: классификация, основные причины и лечение. Эффективная фармакотерапия. Неврология №1 (1) — 2016. С. 22–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaharov VV. Kognitivnye rasstrojstva bez demencii: klassifikaciya, osnovnye prichiny i lechenie. Effektivnaya farmakoterapiya. Nevrologiya №1 (1) — 2016. S. 22–30. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zakharov V.V. Эволюция когнитивного дефицита: легкие и умеренные когнитивные нарушения. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2012; 4(2): 16–21. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2012-376.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharov V.V. Evolution of cognitive deficit: mild and moderate cognitive impairments. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2012; 4(2): 16–21. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2012-376. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно Н.Н. Когнитивные расстройства в неврологической клинике. //Неврологический журнал. — 2005. — Т.11. — Приложение № 1. — С. 4–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yаhno NN. Kognitivnye rasstrojstva v nevrologicheskoj klinike. //Nevrologicheskij zhurnal. — 2005. — T.11. — Prilozhenie № 1. — S. 4–12. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jessen F., Amariglio R.E., van Boxtel M. et al. Subjective Cognitive Decline Initiative (SCD-I) Working Group. A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2014 Nov; 10(6): 844–52. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.01.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jessen F., Amariglio R.E., van Boxtel M. et al. Subjective Cognitive Decline Initiative (SCD-I) Working Group. A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2014 Nov; 10(6): 844–52. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.01.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно Н.Н., Захаров В.В., Коберская Н.Н. и др. «Предумеренные» (субъективные и легкие) когнитивные расстройства. Неврол. Журн. — 2017. — № 4. - С. 198–204. DOI: 10.18821/1560-9545-2017-22-4-198-204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakhno NN, Zakharov VV, Koberskaya NN. et al. “Pre-moderate”(subjective and light) cognitive disorders. Nevrologichesky Zhurnal, 2017; 22 (4): 198–204. DOI: 10.18821/1560-9545-2017-22-4-198-204. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reisberg B., Shulman M.B., Torossian C. et al. Outcome over seven years of healthy adults with and without subjective cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement. 2010 Jan; 6(1): 11–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2009.10.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reisberg B., Shulman M.B., Torossian C. et al. Outcome over seven years of healthy adults with and without subjective cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement. 2010 Jan; 6(1): 11–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2009.10.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edmonds E.C., Delano-Wood L., Galasko D.R. et al. Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Subtle Cognitive Decline and Biomarker Staging in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015; 47(1): 231–42. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-150128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edmonds E.C., Delano-Wood L., Galasko D.R. et al. Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Subtle Cognitive Decline and Biomarker Staging in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015; 47(1): 231–42. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-150128.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perrotin A., Mormino E.C., Madison C.M. et al. Subjective cognition and amyloid deposition imaging: a Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography study in normal elderly individuals. Arch Neurol. 2012 Feb; 69(2): 223–9. DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.666.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perrotin A., Mormino E.C., Madison C.M. et al. Subjective cognition and amyloid deposition imaging: a Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography study in normal elderly individuals. Arch Neurol. 2012 Feb; 69(2): 223–9. DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.666.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grambaite R., Hessen E., Auning E. et al. Correlates of Subjective and Mild Cognitive Impairment: Depressive Symptoms and CSF Biomarkers. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2013 Sep 11; 3(1): 291–300. DOI: 10.1159/000354188.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grambaite R., Hessen E., Auning E. et al. Correlates of Subjective and Mild Cognitive Impairment: Depressive Symptoms and CSF Biomarkers. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2013 Sep 11; 3(1): 291–300. DOI: 10.1159/000354188.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно Н.Н. Коберская Н.Н., Захаров В.В. и др. Влияние возрастных, гендерных, коморбидных, сердечно-сосудистых и эмоциональных факторов на субъективное когнитивное снижение.// Неврол. журнал. — 2018 №4, том 23 с. 184–190 DOI: 10.18821/1560-9545-2018-23-4-184-189.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yаhno NN, Koberskaya NN, Zaharov VV. i dr. Vliyanie vozrastnyh, gendernyh, komorbidnyh, serdechno-sosudistyh i emocional'nyh faktorov na sub"ektivnoe kognitivnoe snizhenie.// Nevrol. zhurnal. — 2018 № 4, tom 23 s. 184–190 DOI: 10.18821/1560-9545-2018-23-4-184-189. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно Н.Н., Коберская Н.Н., Захаров В.В. и др. Влияние возраста, коморбидных сердечно-сосудистых и эмоциональных факторов на легкое когнитивное снижение в среднем, пожилом и старческом возрасте. // Неврологический журнал — 2018; 23 (6): 309–315. DOI: 10.18821/1560-9545-2018-23-6-309-315.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yаhno NN, Koberskaya NN, Zaharov VV i dr.Vliyanie vozrasta, komorbidnyh serdechno-sosudistyh i emocional'nyh faktorov na legkoe kognitivnoe snizhenie v srednem, pozhilom i starcheskom vozraste. // Nevrologicheskij zhurnal 2018; 23 (6): 309–315. DOI: 10.18821/1560-9545-2018-23-6-309-315. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hohman T.J., Beason-Held L.L., Lamar M., Resnick S.M. Subjective cognitive complaints and longitudinal changes in memory and brain function. Neuropsychology. 2011 Jan; 25(1): 125–30. DOI: 10.1037/a0020859.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hohman T.J., Beason-Held L.L., Lamar M., Resnick S.M. Subjective cognitive complaints and longitudinal changes in memory and brain function. Neuropsychology. 2011 Jan; 25(1): 125–30. DOI: 10.1037/a0020859.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reiman E.M., Langbaum J.B., Tariot P.N. Alzheimer's prevention initiative: a proposal to evaluate presymptomatic treatments as quickly as possible. Biomark Med. 2010 Feb; 4(1): 3–14. DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reiman E.M., Langbaum J.B., Tariot P.N. Alzheimer's prevention initiative: a proposal to evaluate presymptomatic treatments as quickly as possible. Biomark Med. 2010 Feb; 4(1): 3–14. DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Левин О.С., Голубева Л.В. Гетерогенность умеренного когнитивного расстройства: диагностические и терапевтические аспекты. Сonsilium medicum 2006; 12: 106–110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levin OS, Golubeva LV. Geterogennost' umerennogo kognitivnogo rasstrojstva: diagnosticheskie i terapevticheskie aspekty. Sonsilium medicum 2006; 12: 106–110. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Успенская О.В., Яхно Н.Н. Влияние мемантина на когнитивные функции пациентов с амнестическим вариантом синдрома умеренных когнитивных расстройств (клинико- психологическое и нейрохимическое исследование). Неврологический журнал 2009; 14(3): 37–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uspenskaya OV, Yаhno NN. Vliyanie memantina na kognitivnye funkcii pacientov s amnesticheskim variantom sindroma umerennyh kognitvinyh rasstrojstv (klinikopsihologicheskoe i nejrohimicheskoe issledovanie). Nevrologicheskij zhurnal 2009; 14(3): 37–40. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно Н.Н., Преображенская И.С., Захаров В.В. и др. Эффективность Акатинола мемантина у пациентов с недементными когнитивными расстройствами. Результаты многоцентрового клинического наблюдения. Неврологический журнал 2010; 15(2): 52–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yаhno NN, Preobrazhenskaya IS, Zaharov VV i dr. Effektivnost' Akatinola memantina u pacientov s nedementnymi kognitivnymi rasstrojstvami. Rezul'taty mnogocentrovogo klinicheskogo nablyudeniya. Nevrologicheskij zhurnal 2010; 15(2): 52–8. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). — Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013. — 992 p. DOI:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). — Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013. — 992 p. DOI:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаров В.В., Вознесенская Т.Г. Нервно-психические нарушения: диагностические тесты 2-е издание Москва МЕДпреcс-информ, 2013. — 320 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaharov VV, Voznesenskaya TG. Nervno-psihicheskie narusheniya: diagnosticheskie testy 2-e izdanie Moskva MEDprecs-inform, 2013. — 320 s (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seo E.H., Kim H., Lee K.H., Choo I.H. Altered Executive Function in Pre-Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016 Oct 4; 54(3): 933–940. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-160052.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seo E.H., Kim H., Lee K.H., Choo I.H. Altered Executive Function in Pre-Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016 Oct 4; 54(3): 933–940. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-160052.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toledo J.B., Bjerke M., Chen K. et al. Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Memory, executive, and multidomain subtle cognitive impairment: clinical and biomarker findings. Neurology. 2015 Jul 14; 85(2): 144–53. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001738.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toledo J.B., Bjerke M., Chen K. et al. Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Memory, executive, and multidomain subtle cognitive impairment: clinical and biomarker findings. Neurology. 2015 Jul 14; 85(2): 144–53. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001738.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sperling R.A., Aisen P.S., Beckett L.A. et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011 May; 7(3): 280–92. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sperling R.A., Aisen P.S., Beckett L.A. et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011 May; 7(3): 280–92. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodrigue K.M., Kennedy K.M., Devous M.D. et al. β-Amyloid burden in healthy aging: regional distribution and cognitive consequences. Neurology. 2012 Feb 7; 78(6): 387–95. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318245d295.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodrigue K.M., Kennedy K.M., Devous M.D. et al. β-Amyloid burden in healthy aging: regional distribution and cognitive consequences. Neurology. 2012 Feb 7; 78(6): 387–95. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318245d295.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitchell A.J., Beaumont H., Ferguson D. et al. Risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older people with subjective memory complaints: meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014 Dec; 130(6): 439–51. DOI: 10.1111/acps.12336.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitchell A.J., Beaumont H., Ferguson D. et al. Risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older people with subjective memory complaints: meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014 Dec; 130(6): 439–51. DOI: 10.1111/acps.12336.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
