geriatrРоссийский журнал гериатрической медициныRussian Journal of Geriatric Medicine2686-86362686-8709Сайт издателя10.37586/2686-8636-3-2021-364-370geriatr-203Research ArticleВ ПОМОЩЬ ПРАКТИКУЮЩЕМУ ВРАЧУTIPS FOR CLINICIANSЛокомотивный синдром: новое представление о хрупкости в пожилом возрастеLocomotive syndrome: a new view of fragility in older agehttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6253-621XНаумовА. В.NaumovA. V.

Наумов Антон Вячеславович, д.м.н., заведующий лабораторией заболеваний костно-мышечной системы ОСП, профессор кафедры болезней старения

Москва

Naumov Anton Vyacheslavovich, MD, PhD, Professor, head of the laboratory of diseases of the musculoskeletal system

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3066-4866ХовасоваН. О.KhovasovaN. O.

Ховасова Наталья Олеговна, к.м.н., доцент кафедры болезней старения, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории заболеваний костно-мышечной системы ОСП

Москва

Khovasova Natalia Olegovna, PhD, senior researcher of the laboratory of diseases of the musculoskeletal system

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6040-1090МорозВ. И.MorozV. I.

Москва

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5187-0108МешковА. Д.MeshkovA. D.

Москва

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2196-1068МаневичТ. М.ManevichT. M.

Москва

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9837-4224ДеменокД. В.DemenokD. V.

Москва

Moscow

ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России, Российский геронтологический научно-клинический центрРоссияPirogov Russian National Research Medical University of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Russian Gerontology Research and Clinical CentreRussian Federation20211510202103372378Copyright © Наумов А.В., Ховасова Н.О., Мороз В.И., Мешков А.Д., Маневич Т.М., Деменок Д.В., 20212021Наумов А.В., Ховасова Н.О., Мороз В.И., Мешков А.Д., Маневич Т.М., Деменок Д.В.Naumov A.V., Khovasova N.O., Moroz V.I., Meshkov A.D., Manevich T.M., Demenok D.V.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.geriatr-news.com/jour/article/view/203

Локомотивный синдром — гериатрический синдром, соответствующий модели потери автономности и появления зависимостей вследствие патологии опорно-двигательного аппарата с тяжелым медико-социальным бременем. Сочетанные заболевания костно-мышечной системы, включающие остеоартрит, остеопороз, дорсопатии, саркопению, нейропатию, в совокупности с нарушениями физического функционирования являются клиническими характеристиками локомотивного синдрома. Только комплексные программы, включающие лечение боли, снижение риска остеопоротических переломов, профилактику падений, коррекцию саркопении, физический тренинг, методы психотерапевтического воздействия и пр., способны увеличить мобильность пациентов с локомотивным синдромом и способствовать сокращению зависимостей в пожилом возрасте.

Locomotive syndrome is a geriatric syndrome that corresponds to the model of autonomy loss and the emergence of addictions due to pathology of the musculoskeletal system with a heavy medical and social burden. Combination of musculoskeletal system diseases, including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, dorsopathy, sarcopenia, neuropathy, together with impaired physical functioning are the clinical characteristics of locomotive syndrome. Only comprehensive programs, including pain treatment, the risk of osteoporetic fractures, prevention of falls, correction of sarcopenia, physical training, psychotherapeutic methods, etc., can increase the mobility of patients with locomotive syndrome and help reduce addictions in older age.

локомотивный синдромостеоартритостеопорозпереломыпадениясаркопенияболь в спинедорсопатииавтономностьзависимостипожилой пациентгериатрический синдромкоморбидностьхондроитина сульфатlocomotive syndromeosteoarthritisosteoporosisfracturesfallssarcopeniabackachedorsopathyautonomydependenciesolder patientgeriatric syndromecomorbiditychondroitin sulfateReferencesUnited Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Ageing 2019: Highlights. United Nations; New York, NY, USA: 2019.United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Ageing 2019: Highlights. United Nations; New York, NY, USA: 2019.Song P., Tang W. The community-based integrated care system in Japan: Health care and nursing care challenges posed by super-aged society. Biosci Trends. 2019; 13: 279–281. DOI: 10.5582/bst.2019.01173.Song P., Tang W. The community-based integrated care system in Japan: Health care and nursing care challenges posed by super-aged society. Biosci Trends. 2019; 13: 279–281. DOI: 10.5582/bst.2019.01173.Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (2016) The outline of the results of National Livelihood Survey 2016. http://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/k-tyosa/k-tyosa16/index.htmlMinistry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (2016) The outline of the results of National Livelihood Survey 2016. http://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/k-tyosa/k-tyosa16/index.htmlNakamura K. (2008) A ‘super-aged’ society and the ‘locomotive syndrome’. J Orthop Sci 13:1–2.Nakamura K. (2008) A ‘super-aged’ society and the ‘locomotive syndrome’. J Orthop Sci 13:1–2.Pasco J.A., Mohebbi M., Holloway K.L., Brennan-Olsen S.L., Hyde N.K., Kotowicz M.A. Musculoskeletal decline and mortality: prospective data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016; 8(3): 482–489.Pasco J.A., Mohebbi M., Holloway K.L., Brennan-Olsen S.L., Hyde N.K., Kotowicz M.A. Musculoskeletal decline and mortality: prospective data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016; 8(3): 482–489.Yoshimura N., Muraki S., Iidaka T., Oka H., Horii C., Kawaguchi H., Akune T., Nakamura K., Tanaka S. Prevalence and co-existence of locomotive syndrome, sarcopenia, and frailty: The third survey of Research on Osteoarthritis/Osteoporosis Against Disability (ROAD) study. J. Bone Miner. Metab. 2019; 37: 1058–1066. DOI: 10.1007/s00774-019-01012-0.Yoshimura N., Muraki S., Iidaka T., Oka H., Horii C., Kawaguchi H., Akune T., Nakamura K., Tanaka S. Prevalence and co-existence of locomotive syndrome, sarcopenia, and frailty: The third survey of Research on Osteoarthritis/Osteoporosis Against Disability (ROAD) study. J. Bone Miner. Metab. 2019; 37: 1058–1066. DOI: 10.1007/s00774-019-01012-0.Yamada K., Ito Y.M., Akagi M., Chosa E., Fuji T., Hirano K., Ikeda S., Ishibashi H., Ishibashi Y., Ishijima M., et al. Reference values for the locomotive syndrome risk test quantifying mobility of 8681 adults aged 20-89 years: A cross-sectional nationwide study in Japan. J. Orthop. Sci. 2020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2020.01.011.Yamada K., Ito Y.M., Akagi M., Chosa E., Fuji T., Hirano K., Ikeda S., Ishibashi H., Ishibashi Y., Ishijima M., et al. Reference values for the locomotive syndrome risk test quantifying mobility of 8681 adults aged 20-89 years: A cross-sectional nationwide study in Japan. J. Orthop. Sci. 2020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2020.01.011.Nakamura K., Ogata T. Locomotive Syndrome: Definition and Management. Clin. Rev. Bone Miner. Metab. 2016; 14: 56–67. DOI: 10.1007/s12018-016-9208-2.Nakamura K., Ogata T. Locomotive Syndrome: Definition and Management. Clin. Rev. Bone Miner. Metab. 2016; 14: 56–67. DOI: 10.1007/s12018-016-9208-2.Ishibashi H. Locomotive syndrome in Japan. Osteoporos Sarcopenia. 2018; 4: 86–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.afos.2018.09.004.Ishibashi H. Locomotive syndrome in Japan. Osteoporos Sarcopenia. 2018; 4: 86–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.afos.2018.09.004.Muller S., Thomas E., Peat G. The effect of changes in lower limb pain on the rate of progression of locomotor disability in middle and old age: evidence from the NorStOP cohort with 6-year followup. Pain. 2012; 153(5): 952–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.12.006.Muller S., Thomas E., Peat G. The effect of changes in lower limb pain on the rate of progression of locomotor disability in middle and old age: evidence from the NorStOP cohort with 6-year followup. Pain. 2012; 153(5): 952–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.12.006.Marley J., Tully M.A., Porter-Armstrong A., Bunting B., O’Hanlon J., McDonough S.M. A systematic review of interventions aimed at increasing physical activity in adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain–protocol. Syst Rev. 2014; 3: 106. DOI: 10.1186/2046-4053-3-106.Marley J., Tully M.A., Porter-Armstrong A., Bunting B., O’Hanlon J., McDonough S.M. A systematic review of interventions aimed at increasing physical activity in adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain–protocol. Syst Rev. 2014; 3: 106. DOI: 10.1186/2046-4053-3-106.Lee H., Hubscher M., Moseley G.L., Kamper S.J., Traeger A.C., Mansell G., et al. How does pain lead to disability? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies in people with back and neck pain. Pain. 2015; 156(6): 988–97. DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000146.Lee H., Hubscher M., Moseley G.L., Kamper S.J., Traeger A.C., Mansell G., et al. How does pain lead to disability? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies in people with back and neck pain. Pain. 2015; 156(6): 988–97. DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000146.Vincent H.K., Raiser S.N., Vincent K.R. The aging musculoskeletal system and obesity-related considerations with exercise. Ageing Res Rev. 2012; 11(3): 361–73. DOI: 10.1016/j. arr.2012.03.002.Vincent H.K., Raiser S.N., Vincent K.R. The aging musculoskeletal system and obesity-related considerations with exercise. Ageing Res Rev. 2012; 11(3): 361–73. DOI: 10.1016/j. arr.2012.03.002.Lamb S.E., Guralnik J.M., Buchner D.M., Ferrucci L.M., Hochberg M.C., Simonsick E.M., et al. Factors that modify the association between knee pain and mobility limitation in older women: the Women’s Health and Aging Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000; 59(5): 331–7.Lamb S.E., Guralnik J.M., Buchner D.M., Ferrucci L.M., Hochberg M.C., Simonsick E.M., et al. Factors that modify the association between knee pain and mobility limitation in older women: the Women’s Health and Aging Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000; 59(5): 331–7.Muramoto A., Imagama S., Ito Z., Hirano K., Ishiguro N., Hasegawa Y. Physical performance tests are useful for evaluating and monitoring the severity of locomotive syndrome. J Orthop Sci. 2012; 17(6): 782–8. DOI: 10.1007/s00776-012-0283-z.Muramoto A., Imagama S., Ito Z., Hirano K., Ishiguro N., Hasegawa Y. Physical performance tests are useful for evaluating and monitoring the severity of locomotive syndrome. J Orthop Sci. 2012; 17(6): 782–8. DOI: 10.1007/s00776-012-0283-z.Goldhahn S., Kralinger F., Rikli D., Marent M., Goldhahn J. Does osteoporosis increase complication risk in surgical fracture treatment? A protocol combining new endpoints for two prospective multicentre open cohort studies. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010; 11: 256. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-256.Goldhahn S., Kralinger F., Rikli D., Marent M., Goldhahn J. Does osteoporosis increase complication risk in surgical fracture treatment? A protocol combining new endpoints for two prospective multicentre open cohort studies. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010; 11: 256. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-256.Galbusera F., Volkheimer D., Reitmaier S., Berger-Roscher N., Kienle A., Wilke H.J. Pedicle screw loosening: a clinically relevant complication? Eur Spine J. 2015; 24(5): 1005–16. DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-3768-6.Galbusera F., Volkheimer D., Reitmaier S., Berger-Roscher N., Kienle A., Wilke H.J. Pedicle screw loosening: a clinically relevant complication? Eur Spine J. 2015; 24(5): 1005–16. DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-3768-6.Lyons A.R. Clinical outcomes and treatment of hip fractures. Am J Med. 1997; 103(2A): 51S–63S.Lyons A.R. Clinical outcomes and treatment of hip fractures. Am J Med. 1997; 103(2A): 51S–63S.Moreta J., Aguirre U., de Ugarte O.S., Jauregui I., Mozos J.L. Functional and radiological outcome of periprosthetic femoral fractures after hip arthroplasty. Injury. 2015; 46(2): 292–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.07.013.Moreta J., Aguirre U., de Ugarte O.S., Jauregui I., Mozos J.L. Functional and radiological outcome of periprosthetic femoral fractures after hip arthroplasty. Injury. 2015; 46(2): 292–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.07.013.Meier W., Mizner R.L., Marcus R.L., Dibble L.E., Peters C., Lastayo P.C. Total knee arthroplasty: muscle impairments, functional limitations, and recommended rehabilitation approaches. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2008; 38(5): 246–56. DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2008.2715.Meier W., Mizner R.L., Marcus R.L., Dibble L.E., Peters C., Lastayo P.C. Total knee arthroplasty: muscle impairments, functional limitations, and recommended rehabilitation approaches. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2008; 38(5): 246–56. DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2008.2715.Stevens-Lapsley J.E., Balter J.E., Kohrt W.M., Eckhoff D.G. Quadriceps and hamstrings muscle dysfunction after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010; 468(9): 2460–8. DOI: 10.1007/s11999-009-1219-6.Stevens-Lapsley J.E., Balter J.E., Kohrt W.M., Eckhoff D.G. Quadriceps and hamstrings muscle dysfunction after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010; 468(9): 2460–8. DOI: 10.1007/s11999-009-1219-6.Flanagan S.R., Ragnarsson K.T., Ross M.K., Wong D.K. Rehabilitation of the geriatric orthopaedic patient. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995; 316: 80–92.Flanagan S.R., Ragnarsson K.T., Ross M.K., Wong D.K. Rehabilitation of the geriatric orthopaedic patient. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995; 316: 80–92.Ikezoe T., Mori N., Nakamura M., Ichihashi N. Effects of age and inactivity due to prolonged bed rest on atrophy of trunk muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012; 112(1): 43–8. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1952-x.Ikezoe T., Mori N., Nakamura M., Ichihashi N. Effects of age and inactivity due to prolonged bed rest on atrophy of trunk muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012; 112(1): 43–8. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1952-x.Coker R.H., Hays N.P., Williams R.H., Wolfe R.R., Evans W.J. Bed rest promotes reductions in walking speed, functional parameters, and aerobic fitness in older, healthy adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015; 70(1): 91–6. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu123.Coker R.H., Hays N.P., Williams R.H., Wolfe R.R., Evans W.J. Bed rest promotes reductions in walking speed, functional parameters, and aerobic fitness in older, healthy adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015; 70(1): 91–6. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu123.Ohtake M., Tashiro H., Isawa T., Sato Y., Akama A., Suzuki I., et al. A study on a screening questionnaire to support early discharge at special functioning hospitals. Yamagata Med J. 2008; 26: 11–23 (in Japanese).Ohtake M., Tashiro H., Isawa T., Sato Y., Akama A., Suzuki I., et al. A study on a screening questionnaire to support early discharge at special functioning hospitals. Yamagata Med J. 2008; 26: 11–23 (in Japanese).Ohtake M., Tashiro H., Saito A., Migita S., Kobayashi A., Yamamoto T. An examination of the roles of the Medical Information Center. A case study of particular difficulties encountered in discharge planning. Yamagata Med J. 2004; 22: 57–69 (in Japanese)Ohtake M., Tashiro H., Saito A., Migita S., Kobayashi A., Yamamoto T. An examination of the roles of the Medical Information Center. A case study of particular difficulties encountered in discharge planning. Yamagata Med J. 2004; 22: 57–69 (in Japanese)Locomotive syndrome (2013) In: Locomotive Challenge Council (ed) Locomotive syndrome pamphlet. Japanese Orthopaedic Association, TokyoLocomotive syndrome (2013) In: Locomotive Challenge Council (ed) Locomotive syndrome pamphlet. Japanese Orthopaedic Association, TokyoKamińska M.S., Miller A., Rotter I., Szylińska A., Grochans E. The effectiveness of virtual reality training in reducing the risk of falls among elderly people. Clin Interv Aging. 2018 Nov 14; 13: 2329–2338. DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S183502. PMID: 30532523; PMCID: PMC6241865.Kamińska M.S., Miller A., Rotter I., Szylińska A., Grochans E. The effectiveness of virtual reality training in reducing the risk of falls among elderly people. Clin Interv Aging. 2018 Nov 14; 13: 2329–2338. DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S183502. PMID: 30532523; PMCID: PMC6241865.Dermody G., Whitehead L., Wilson G., Glass C. The Role of Virtual Reality in Improving Health Outcomes for Community- Dwelling Older Adults: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Jun 1; 22(6): e17331. DOI: 10.2196/17331. PMID: 32478662; PMCID: PMC7296414.Dermody G., Whitehead L., Wilson G., Glass C. The Role of Virtual Reality in Improving Health Outcomes for Community- Dwelling Older Adults: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Jun 1; 22(6): e17331. DOI: 10.2196/17331. PMID: 32478662; PMCID: PMC7296414.Bruyère O., Honvo G., Veronese N., Arden N.K., Branco J., Curtis E.M., Al-Daghri N.M., Herrero-Beaumont G., Martel-Pelletier J., Pelletier J.P., Rannou F., Rizzoli R., Roth R., Uebelhart D., Cooper C., Reginster J.Y. An updated algorithm recommendation for the management of knee osteoarthritis from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO). Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019 Dec; 49(3): 337–350. DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.04.008. Epub 2019 Apr 30. PMID: 3112659.Bruyère O., Honvo G., Veronese N., Arden N.K., Branco J., Curtis E.M., Al-Daghri N.M., Herrero-Beaumont G., Martel-Pelletier J., Pelletier J.P., Rannou F., Rizzoli R., Roth R., Uebelhart D., Cooper C., Reginster J.Y. An updated algorithm recommendation for the management of knee osteoarthritis from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO). Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019 Dec; 49(3): 337–350. DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.04.008. Epub 2019 Apr 30. PMID: 3112659.Beaudart C., Lengelé L., Leclercq V., Geerinck A., Sanchez-Rodriguez D., Bruyère O., Reginster J.Y. Symptomatic Efficacy of Pharmacological Treatments for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and a Network Meta-Analysis with a 6-Month Time Horizon.//Drugs. 2020 Oct 19. DOI: 10.1007/s40265-020-01423-8. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33074440.Beaudart C., Lengelé L., Leclercq V., Geerinck A., Sanchez-Rodriguez D., Bruyère O., Reginster J.Y. Symptomatic Efficacy of Pharmacological Treatments for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and a Network Meta-Analysis with a 6-Month Time Horizon.//Drugs. 2020 Oct 19. DOI: 10.1007/s40265-020-01423-8. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33074440.Yang W., Sun C., He S.Q. et al. The Efficacy and Safety of Disease-Modifying Osteoarthritis Drugs for Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis—a Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.//J GEN INTERN MED (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06755-zYang W., Sun C., He S.Q. et al. The Efficacy and Safety of Disease-Modifying Osteoarthritis Drugs for Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis—a Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.//J GEN INTERN MED (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06755-zТоршин И.Ю., Лила А.М., Наумов А.В., Кочиш А.Ю., Алексеева Л.И., Таскина Е.А., Сарвилина И.В., Галустян А.Н., Громов А.Н., Хаджидис А.К., Васильева Л.В., Евстратова E.Ф., Удовика М.И., Громова О.А. Метаанализ клинических исследований эффективности лечения остеоартита препаратом Хондрогард. ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная Фармакоэкономика и Фармакоэпидемиология. 2020; 13 (4): 388–399. https://doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2020.066Торшин И.Ю., Лила А.М., Наумов А.В., Кочиш А.Ю., Алексеева Л.И., Таскина Е.А., Сарвилина И.В., Галустян А.Н., Громов А.Н., Хаджидис А.К., Васильева Л.В., Евстратова E.Ф., Удовика М.И., Громова О.А. Метаанализ клинических исследований эффективности лечения остеоартита препаратом Хондрогард. ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная Фармакоэкономика и Фармакоэпидемиология. 2020; 13 (4): 388–399. https://doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2020.066Наумов А.В., Шаров М.Н., Ховасова Н.О., Прокофьева Ю.С. Результаты применения интермиттирующей схемы парентерального введения хондроитина сульфата и глюкозамина сульфата в старт-терапии хронической боли в суставах и спине у коморбидных пациентов.//РМЖ. 2018; 4(II): 47–54.Наумов А.В., Шаров М.Н., Ховасова Н.О., Прокофьева Ю.С. Результаты применения интермиттирующей схемы парентерального введения хондроитина сульфата и глюкозамина сульфата в старт-терапии хронической боли в суставах и спине у коморбидных пациентов.//РМЖ. 2018; 4(II): 47–54.Наумов А.В., Ховасова Н.О., Мороз В.И., Ткачева О.Н. Место хондроитина сульфата и глюкозамина сульфата в терапии боли при остеоартрите. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2019; 119(9): 112–117. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2019119091112Наумов А.В., Ховасова Н.О., Мороз В.И., Ткачева О.Н. Место хондроитина сульфата и глюкозамина сульфата в терапии боли при остеоартрите. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2019; 119(9): 112–117. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2019119091112Grässel S., Muschter D. Recent advances in the treatment of osteoarthritis. F1000Res. 2020; 9: F1000//Faculty Rev-325. Published 2020 May 4. DOI:10.12688/f1000research.22115.1.Grässel S., Muschter D. Recent advances in the treatment of osteoarthritis. F1000Res. 2020; 9: F1000//Faculty Rev-325. Published 2020 May 4. DOI:10.12688/f1000research.22115.1.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.